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Kerri Humphreys HSC BIOLOGY

© Science Press 2007 First published 2007 Reprinted 2008 (twice), 2010 Science Press Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915 sales@sciencepress.com.au www.sciencepress.com.auAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861

Contents Introduction v Verbs to Watch vi Dot Points Maintaining a Balance vii Blueprint of Life ix The Search for Better Health xi Communication xiii Genetics: The Code Broken? xv Questions Maintaining a Balance 1 Blueprint of Life 35 The Search for Better Health 71 Communication 103 Genetics: The Code Broken? 145 Summaries Maintaining a Balance 179 Blueprint of Life 195 The Search for Better Health 211 Communication 229 Genetics: The Code Broken? 247 Answers Maintaining a Balance 265 Blueprint of Life 277 The Search for Better Health 289 Communication 299 Genetics: The Code Broken? 315 Dot Point HSC Biology iii Contents Science Press

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Contents iv Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press

Introduction What the book includes ,QWKLVERRN\RXZLOO¿QGW\SLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVDVZHOODVVXPPDULHVIRUHDFKGRWSRLQWLQ the Board of Studies syllabus for the following topics in the Year 12 Biology course: ‡ 0DLQWDLQLQJD%DODQFH ‡ %OXHSULQWRI/LIH ‡ 7KH6HDUFKIRU%HWWHU+HDOWK ‡ &RPPXQLFDWLRQ ‡ *HQHWLFV7KH&RGH%URNHQ" Also included are typical experimental results for students to analyse if the third column of the syllabus indicates WKDWVWXGHQWVVKRXOGFDUU\RXWµ¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV¶ Format of the book The book has been formatted in the following way: 1. Main topic statement (column 1 of syllabus) 1.1 etc Syllabus requirement from columns 2 and 3. 1RWHWKDWWKHQXPEHULQJRIWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVLVWKHDXWKRU¶VFKRLFHDQGKDVEHHQXVHGWRPDNHUHIHUHQFLQJ TXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVFOHDUHU7KHLQGLYLGXDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQRWQXPEHUHGLQWKHV\OODEXVWKH\DUHVLPSO\ EXOOHWHG±KHQFHRXUXVHRIµGRWSRLQWV¶ZKHQZHUHIHUWRWKHP 1.1.1 )LUVWW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV  UHTXLUHPHQW 1.1.2 6HFRQGW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV  UHTXLUHPHQWHWF 7KHQXPEHURIOLQHVSURYLGHGIRUHDFKDQVZHUJLYHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIKRZPDQ\PDUNVWKHTXHVWLRQPLJKWEH worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth one mark. Note that in PDQ\DQVZHUVWKUHHOLQHVKDYHEHHQSURYLGHGDVWKHDPRXQWRIZULWLQJUHTXLUHGH[FHHGVWZROLQHVEXWWKH biology involved is worth only one mark. How to use the book &RPSOHWLQJDOOTXHVWLRQVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDVXPPDU\RIDOOWKHZRUN\RXQHHGWRNQRZIURPWKHV\OODEXV You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not covered, but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams. :KHQZRUNLQJWKURXJKWKHTXHVWLRQVZULWHWKHDQVZHUV\RXKDYHWRORRNXSLQDGLIIHUHQWFRORXUWRWKRVH\RX NQRZZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRUHVHDUFKWKHZRUN7KLVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDTXLFNUHIHUHQFHWRZRUN\RXVKRXOG spend more time revising later, and allow you to spend your study time more productively. $WWKHHQGRIHDFKVHFWLRQLVDQµ$SSOLHG4XHVWLRQ¶7KLVTXHVWLRQOLQNVVHYHUDOGRWSRLQWVUHTXLULQJ\RXWR DQDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGVKRZUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQFRQFHSWV+LJKHURUGHUTXHVWLRQVLQWKH+6&H[DPLQDWLRQ UHTXLUHVWXGHQWVWRDQDO\VHDVVHVVHYDOXDWHDQGOLQNFRQFHSWVIURPGLIIHUHQWVHFWLRQVRIWKHV\OODEXV Dot Point HSC Biology v Introduction Science Press

account, account for State reasons for, report on, give an account of, narrate a series of events or transactions. analyse Identify components and the relationships among them, draw out and relate implications. apply Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation. appreciate Make a judgement about the value of something. assess 0DNHDMXGJHPHQWRIYDOXHTXDOLW\RXWFRPHV results or size. calculate 'HWHUPLQHIURPJLYHQIDFWV¿JXUHVRULQIRUPDWLRQ clarify Make clear or plain. classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories. compare Show how things are similar or different. construct Make, build, put together items or arguments. contrast Show how things are different or opposite. critically (analyse/evaluate) Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJORJLFTXHVWLRQLQJUHÀHFWLRQDQG TXDOLW\WRDQDQDO\VLVRUHYDOXDWLRQ deduce Draw conclusions. GH¿QH 6WDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIDQGLGHQWLI\HVVHQWLDOTXDOLWLHV demonstrate Show by example. describe Provide characteristics and features. discuss Identify issues and provide points for and against.distinguish Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from, note difference between things. evaluate Make a judgement based on criteria. examine ,QTXLUHLQWR explain Relate cause and effect, make the relationship between things evident, provide why and/or how. extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details. extrapolate Infer from what is known. identify Recognise and name. interpret Draw meaning from. investigate 3ODQLQTXLUHLQWRDQGGUDZFRQFOXVLRQVDERXW justify Support an argument or conclusion. outline Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features. predict Suggest what may happen based on available data. propose Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion etc) for consideration or action. recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences. recommend Provide reasons in favour. recount Retell a series of events. summarise Express concisely the relevant details. synthesise Put together various elements to make a whole. Verbs to Watch Verbs to Watch vi Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press

Dot Point Page 1. Organisms are active in a limited 2 temperature range 1.1 Role of enzymes 2 1.2 Investigation: Enzymes and 3 temperature, pH, substrate 1.3 pH and acidity 6 1.4 Constant internal environment 6 1.5 Homeostasis 6 1.6 Two stages of homeostasis 6 1.7 Role of nervous system 7 1.8 Investigation: Feedback model 7 1.9 Range of temperatures for life 8 1.10 Australian endotherms and ectotherms 8 1.11 Investigation: Australian 9 adaptations for temperature 1.12 Plant responses to temperature 10 1.13 Applied Question Section 1 11 2. Plants and animals transport nutrients 13  DQGJDVHVLQDÀXLGPHGLXP 2.1 Substances in blood 13 2.2 Advantage of haemoglobin 14 2.3 Structure of arteries, veins, capillaries 14 2.4 Changes in blood composition 16 2.5 Investigation: Carbon dioxide and 17 blood pH 2.6 Investigation: Size of red and white 18 blood cells 2.7 Need for oxygen and removal of carbon 19 dioxide 2.8 Investigation: Current technologies 19 for measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood 2.9 Investigation: Donated blood 21  $UWL¿FLDOEORRG  2.11 Current theories for movement in 22 xylem and phloemDot Point Page 2.12 Investigation: TS and LS xylem 23 and phloem 2.13 Applied Question Section 2 24 3. Regulation of concentrations of gases, 25 water and waste products 3.1 Why water concentrations are 25 maintained in a narrow range 3.2 Why removal of wastes is essential 25  5ROHRIWKHNLGQH\LQ¿VKDQGPDPPDOV  3.4 Diffusion and osmosis and removing 26 nitrogenous wastes 3.5 Active and passive transport in 26 mammalian kidney 3.6 Filtration and reabsorption in nephron 26 3.7 Investigation: Structure of mammalian 27 kidney 3.8 Investigation: Renal dialysis 28 3.9 Roles of hormones aldosterone and ADH 29 3.10 Investigation: Hormone replacement 30 therapy 3.11 Investigation: Urine concentration of 30  PDPPDOVDQG¿VK 3.12 Investigation: Water concentration 31 and nitrogenous wastes in insects and mammals 3.13 Enantiostasis and estuarine organisms 32 3.14 Investigation: Salt regulation in 32 different plants 3.15 Adaptations of terrestrial Australian 33 plants to reduce water loss 3.16 Investigation: Structures in plants to 34 conserve water loss 3.17 Applied Question Section 3 34 Answers to Maintaining a Balance 265 Maintaining a Balance Dot Point HSC Biology vii Maintaining a Balance Science Press

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Maintaining a Balance viii Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press

Dot Point Page 1. Evidence of evolution 36 1.1 Investigation: Model natural selection 36 1.2 Impact on evolution of physical and 36 chemical environment changes and resource competition 1.3 Case study: Environmental change 38 and change in a species 1.4 Supporting evidence for evolution 38 1.5 Investigation: Vertebrate forelimbs 41 1.6 Investigation: Technology advances 41 and evolutionary relationships 1.7 Darwin/Wallace theory for divergent 41 and convergent evolution 1.8 Investigation: Historical development of 42  HYROXWLRQWKHRULHVDQGSROLWLFDOLQÀXHQFHV 1.9 Applied Question Section 1 43 2. Gregor Mendel and inheritance of 45 characteristics 2.1 Experiments of Gregor Mendel 45  0HQGHO¶VWHFKQLTXHVDQGKLVVXFFHVV  2.3 Monohybrid crosses and dominance 46  :K\0HQGHO¶VZRUNZDVUHFRJQLVHGODWHU  2.5 Homozygous and heterozygous genotypes 47 2.6 Distinguish allele and gene 47 2.7 Phenotype and dominant and 47 recessive alleles 2.8 Investigation: Family trees and pedigrees 48  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ3UREOHPVROYLQJ  monohybrid crosses 2.10 Investigation: Hybridisation within 49 a species 2.11 Applied Question Section 2 50 3. Structure of Chromosomes 51 3.1 Sutton and Boveri 51 3.2 Chemical nature of chromosomes 51 and genes 3.3 DNA is a double helix with bases and 51  VXJDUSKRVSKDWHEDFNERQH 3.4 Chromosomes during meiosis and 52 inheritance of genes 3.5 Investigation: Model of meiosis 52 and crossing overDot Point Page 3.6 Gamete production, sexual reproduction 53 and variability  6H[OLQNDJHDQG0HQGHO¶VUDWLRV   0RUJDQDQGVH[OLQNDJH  3.9 Codominance 55  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ3UREOHPVROYLQJ   FRGRPLQDQFHDQGVH[OLQNDJH 3.11 Environment and gene expression 56 3.12 Investigation: Effect of environment 56 on phenotype 3.13 Applied Question Section 3 57 4. Structure of DNA 59  '1$UHSOLFDWLRQDQGLWVVLJQL¿FDQFH  4.2 DNA controls production of polypeptides 59 4.3 Investigation: Model for polypeptide 60 synthesis 4.4 Relationship of proteins and polypeptides 61 4.5 Investigation: Experiments of Beadle 61  DQG7DWXPIRUµRQHJHQHRQHSURWHLQ¶ 4.6 Mutations lead to new alleles 62 4.7 Evidence for mutagenic nature of radiation 62 4.8 Investigation: Flow chart for change in 62 DNA changes cell activity 4.9 Understanding source of variation supports 63  'DUZLQ¶VWKHRU\RIQDWXUDOVHOHFWLRQ 4.10 Investigation: Modern example of 63 natural selection  3XQFWXDWHGHTXLOLEULXPDQGJUDGXDO  evolution 4.12 Investigation: Watson, Crick, Franklin 64 and Wilkins 4.13 Applied Question Section 4 65 5. Current reproductive technologies 67  $UWL¿FLDOLQVHPLQDWLRQDUWL¿FLDO  pollination and cloning 5.2 Investigation: Cloning 68 5.3 Producing transgenic species 68 5.4 Investigation: Examples of transgenic 69 species 5.5 Reproductive technologies and genetic 69 diversity 5.6 Applied Question Section 5 70 Answers to Blueprint of Life 277 Blueprint of Life Dot Point HSC Biology ix Blueprint of Life Science Press

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Blueprint of Life x Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press

The Search for Better Health Dot Point Page 1. What is a healthy organism? 72  'H¿QLQJKHDOWKDQGGLVHDVH  1.2 Function of genes, mitosis, 72 differentiation, specialisation and health 1.3 Investigation: Gene expression 73 and maintenance and repair 1.4 Applied Question Section 1 73 2. Chinese and Hebrews advocated 75 cleanliness and hygiene 2.1 Distinguish infection and 75  QRQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVH 2.2 Cleanliness and hygiene control 75 disease  'H¿QLWLRQRISDWKRJHQ  2.4 Investigation: Microbes in food 77 or water 2.5 Investigation: Treatment of 77 drinking water 2.6 Applied Question Section 2 78 3. Pasteur, Koch and the search 79 for microbes 3.1 Work of Pasteur and Koch 79  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ3DVWHXU¶VH[SHULPHQW  with microbes 3.3 Prions, viruses, bacteria, protozoans, 81 fungi, macroparasites 3.4 Investigation: Cause and prevention of malaria 82 3.5 Investigation: Named infectious disease 82 3.6 Role of antibiotics in infectious disease 83 3.7 Investigation: Problems with antibiotic resistance 83 3.8 Applied Question Section 3 84 4. Immune response 85 4.1 Barriers to prevent entry of pathogens 85 4.2 Antigens trigger immune response 86 4.3 Transplants and the immune response 86Dot Point Page 4.4 Defence adaptations 87  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ,PEDODQFHRIPLFURÀRUD  4.6 Applied Question Section 4 88 5. MacFarlane Burnet’s work and immunisation 89  $QWLERGLHV7FHOOV%FHOOV   %DQG7FHOOVDQGWKHLPPXQHUHVSRQVH  5.3 Vaccinations prevent infection 90 5.4 Investigation: Vaccination programs 91 including smallpox, diphtheria and polio 5.5 Suppression of immune response 92 and organ transplant 5.6 Applied Question Section 5 92 6. Epidemiological studies and 93 non-infectious diseases 6.1 Features of epidemiology – lung cancer 93 6.2 Investigation: Cause and effect of smoking and lung cancer 93  1RQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVH±LQKHULWHG  nutritional, environmental  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ1DPHGQRQLQIHFWLRXV  disease 6.5 Applied Question Section 6 96 7. Strategies to prevent and control disease 97 7.1 Quarantine in and across Australia 97 7.2 Preventing disease using public 97 health programs, pesticides, genetic engineering 7.3 Investigation: Effectiveness of 98  TXDUDQWLQHLQRUDFURVV$XVWUDOLD 7.4 Investigation: Plant pathogens 99 and insect pests 7.5 Investigation: Shift from treatment 100 and control to management or prevention of disease 7.6 Applied Question Section 7 101 Answers to The Search for Better Health 289 Dot Point HSC Biology xi The Search for Better Health Science Press

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The Search for Better Health xii Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press

Communication Dot Point Page 1. Humans and animals detect a range 104 of stimuli 1.1 Role of receptors in detecting stimuli 104 1.2 Stimulus, receptor, messenger, 104 effector, response 1.3 Investigation: Range of senses 105 in communication 1.4 Applied Question Section 1 106 2. Visual communication and the eye 107 2.1 Anatomy of the eye 107 2.2 Limited wavelengths detected by humans, 109 a vertebrate and an invertebrate 2.3 Investigation: Dissection of a 109 mammalian eye 2.4 Investigation: Range of wavelengths 110 detected by humans and other animals 2.5 Applied Question Section 2 110 3. Signal clarity can affect interpretation 111 3.1 Conditions for refraction 111 3.2 Investigation: Convex lenses 111 and accommodation 3.3 Refractive media in the eye 111 3.4 Accommodation and lens curvature 112 3.5 Investigation: Changes in the shape 112 of the lens and focus 3.6 Refractive power and accommodation 113 3.7 Myopia and hyperopia 113 3.8 Depth perception 114 3.9 Investigation: Cataracts and technology 115 to prevent blindness 3.10 Applied Question Section 3 116 4. Light signal and electrical impulse 117 4.1 Photoreceptor cells 117 4.2 Distribution, structure, function 117 of photoreceptors 4.3 Role of rhodopsin 118 4.4 Three types of cones 119 4.5 Colour blindness 119 4.6 Investigation: Photoreceptors in 120 mammals, insects and another animal 4.7 Investigation: Colour communication 121 in animalsDot Point Page 4.8 Applied Question Section 4 122 5. Sound is an important 123 communication medium 5.1 Why sound is a useful form of 123 communication  6RXQGYLEUDWLQJREMHFWDQGIUHTXHQF\   ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ:DYHOHQJWKIUHTXHQF\  and pitch 5.4 Human larynx and sound production 125 5.5 Structures used by animals to 126 produce sound 5.6 Applied Question Section 5 127 6. Organs to detect vibrations 129 6.1 Detection of vibrations by insects, 129  ¿VKDQGPDPPDOV 6.2 Anatomy and function of human ear 130 6.3 Investigation: Structure of mammalian ear 131 6.4 Role of Eustachian tube 131 6.5 Path of sound wave through ear 132 6.6 Organ of corti 132 6.7 Sound shadow 133  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ)UHTXHQFLHVGHWHFWHG  by humans and other animals 6.9 Investigation: Hearing aids and 135 cochlear implants 6.10 Applied Question Section 6 136 7. Electrochemical changes in 137 membranes 7.1 Nerve is a bundle of neurones 137 7.2 Neurones transmit signals 137 7.3 Investigation: Nerve and neurone 138 structure 7.4 Threshold and action potential 139 7.5 Areas of cerebrum 139 7.6 Investigation: Brain dissection 140 7.7 Correct interpretation of signals 141 and coordination 7.8 Investigation: Typical action potential 142 7.9 Applied Question Section 7 143 Answers to Communication 299 Dot Point HSC Biology xiii Communication Science Press

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Communication xiv Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press

Genetics: The Code Broken? Dot Point Page 1. The structure of a gene and the 146 code for a polypeptide 1.1 Information from DNA to RNA to 146 polypeptide 1.2 Investigation: Model of DNA 147 1.3 Current understanding of gene 148 expression 1.4 Applied Question Section 1 149 2. Multiple alleles and polygenic 151 inheritance provide further variability within a trait 2.1 Characteristics determined by 151 multiple alleles 2.2 Inheritance of ABO and Rhesus 151 blood groups 2.3 Investigation: ABO blood 152 groups and Rhesus factor 2.4 Polygenic inheritance 152 2.5 Investigation: Example of polygenic 152 inheritance  '1$¿QJHUSULQWLQJIRUHQVLFV  paternity and pedigrees 2.7 Applied Question Section 2 153  2IIVSULQJVWXGLHVUHÀHFWLQKHULWDQFH 155 on different chromosomes and genes on same chromosomes 3.1 Diploid and haploid 155 3.2 Dihybrid crosses and Mendel 155 3.3 Investigation: Dihybrid crosses 156 when both traits inherited independently and when linked 3.4 Predict inheritance difference if two 156 genes linked 3.5 Crossbreeding experiments identify 156 relative positions of linked genes 3.6 Chromosome mapping and 157 species relationships 3.7 Investigation: Model linkage 157 3.8 Applied Question Section 3 158 4. Human Genome Project 159  %HQH¿WVRI+XPDQ*HQRPH3URMHFW  4.2 Limitations of data from Human 159 Genome Project 4.3 Investigation: Why Human Genome 160 Project could not be achieved by studying linkage mapsDot Point Page 4.4 Procedure to produce recombinant DNA 160 4.5 Use of recombinant DNA technology 161 and gene position on a chromosome 4.6 Applied Question Section 4 161 5. Gene therapy and harmful conditions 163  8VHRIJHQHWKHUDS\IRUDQLGHQWL¿HG  disease 5.2 Investigation: Current use of gene therapy 163 5.3 Applied Question Section 5 164 6. Mechanisms of genetic change 165 6.1 Distinguishing between mutations 165 of chromosomes 6.2 Investigation: Effect of one named 165 and described genetic mutation on human health 6.3 DNA repairs itself 166 6.4 Transposable genetic elements 166 6.5 Germ line and somatic mutations 166 6.6 Applied Question Section 6 167 7. Selective breeding is different to 169 gene cloning 7.1 Selective breeding in agriculture 169 7.2 Investigation: History of selective 169 breeding of one species and changes in the species 7.3 Gene cloning and examples 170 7.4 Gene cloning and whole organism 171 cloning 7.5 Use of cloning in animals or plants 171 7.6 Investigation: Processes used in 172 cloning an animal and verifying it is a clone 7.7 Applied Question Section 7 172 8. Timing of gene expression 173 8.1 Genes and embryonic development 173 8.2 Role of gene cascades 173 8.3 Ancestral vertebrate gene homologues 174 8.4 Evolution of genes and their actions 174 8.5 Investigation: Gene analysis and 175 evolutionary relationships 8.6 Applied Question Section 8 175 Answers to Genetics: The Code Broken? 315 Dot Point HSC Biology xv Genetics: The Code Broken? Science Press

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Dot Point HSC Biology 1 Maintaining a Balance Science Press DOT POINT Maintaining a Balance

Maintaining a Balance 2 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press 1. Most organisms are active in a limited temperature range. 1.1 Identify the role of enzymes in metabolism, describe their chemical composition and use a VLPSOHPRGHOWRGHVFULEHWKHLUVSHFL¿FLW\RQVXEVWUDWHV 1.1.1 Describe the role of enzymes in metabolism. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.1.2 Describe the chemical composition of enzymes. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.1.3 7KHIROORZLQJGLDJUDPVKRZVDVLPSOHPRGHOWRLOOXVWUDWHWKHVSHFL¿FLW\RIHQ]\PHVRQ substrates. (a) Name this model. ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... (b) Explain how this model illustrates the  VSHFL¿FLW\RIHQ]\PHVRQVXEVWUDWHV ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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(d) List the factors that affect enzyme activity. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Enzyme Substrate Active site

Dot Point HSC Biology 3 Maintaining a Balance Science Press  ,GHQWLI\GDWDVRXUFHVSODQFKRRVHHTXLSPHQWRUUHVRXUFHVDQGSHUIRUPD¿UVWKDQG investigation to test the effect of:  ‡LQFUHDVHGWHPSHUDWXUH  ‡FKDQJHLQS+  ‡FKDQJHLQVXEVWUDWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQV on the activity of named enzyme(s). 1.2.1 Describe an experiment you performed to show the effect of increased temperature on the activity of a named enzyme. In your answer include:  ‡DOLVWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWXVHG  ‡DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG  ‡DVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRG  ‡DJHQHUDOGHVFULSWLRQRI\RXUUHVXOWV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Maintaining a Balance 4 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press 1.2.2 Some HSC Biology students wished to investigate the effect of pH on the activity of an enzyme. They made up a series of junket solutions and added buffers to the solutions so that the series of test tubes covered a range of pH. They added 5 mL milk to each test tube and then added some of the junket solution to different test tubes. Each test tube was kept in a water bath at 37ºC. (a) Explain why the students kept each water bath at 37°C. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Identify some of the variables that would have needed to be kept constant in this experiment. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) The following graph shows the activity of four different enzymes. 132576 4891110 Activity of enzyme 12 1413 Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4 pH Which graph would be most similar to the action of the enzyme rennin? Explain your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Explain how the students could modify the experiment to improve reliability. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Biology 5 Maintaining a Balance Science Press 1.2.3 Some HSC Biology students wished to investigate the effect of change in substrate concentration on the activity of an enzyme. They decided to use the enzyme catalase. Catalase speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2) into oxygen and water. Hydrogen peroxide is toxic in the body and is produced in chemical reactions such as the oxidation of fatty acids. The students cut several raw potato cubes each measuring one cubic centimetre (cc). Each cube was ground with a mortar and pestle and then added to a test tube using a spatula. Different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide solution were added to each test tube (e.g. 6%, 3%, 1.5%) and the rate of reaction was observed (the rate of bubble production). (a) In this experiment, what was the source of the enzyme catalase? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Explain why the students ground the potato with a mortar and pestle. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) The students observed the rate of bubble production. What gas was being released? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) The students found that the more concentrated solution (6% hydrogen peroxide) had a faster rate of bubble production than the weaker solution (1.5% hydrogen peroxide). The students made the following inference from their results: ‘The more concentrated the reactants, the greater the rate of reaction’. Suggest a reason why more concentrated solutions have a faster rate of reaction. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (e) Draw a generalised graph to show how the rate of reaction changes with change in substrate concentration.

Maintaining a Balance 6 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press  ,GHQWLI\WKHS+DVDZD\RIGHVFULELQJWKHDFLGLW\RIDVXEVWDQFH 1.3.1 What is pH? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  ([SODLQZK\WKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIDFRQVWDQWLQWHUQDOHQYLURQPHQWLVLPSRUWDQWIRURSWLPDO PHWDEROLFHI¿FLHQF\ 1.4.1 Explain why organisms devote a lot of energy to maintaining a constant internal environment. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  'HVFULEHKRPHRVWDVLVDVWKHSURFHVVE\ZKLFKRUJDQLVPVPDLQWDLQDUHODWLYHO\VWDEOHLQWHUQDO environment. 1.5.1 'H¿QHKRPHRVWDVLV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.5.2 Identify body processes that are controlled by homeostasis. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  ([SODLQWKDWKRPHRVWDVLVFRQVLVWVRIWZRVWDJHV  ‡GHWHFWLQJFKDQJHVIURPWKHVWDEOHVWDWH  ‡FRXQWHUDFWLQJFKDQJHVIURPWKHVWDEOHVWDWH 1.6.1 Identify the two stages of homeostasis. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.6.2 Describe how changes from the stable state are detected. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Biology 7 Maintaining a Balance Science Press 1.7 Outline the role of the nervous system in detecting and responding to environmental changes. 1.7.1 'HVFULEHWKHVWLPXOXVUHVSRQVHSDWKZD\DQGKRZLWHQDEOHVWKHQHUYRXVV\VWHPWRUHVSRQGWR environmental changes. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.8 Gather, process and analyse information from secondary sources and use available evidence to develop a model of a feedback mechanism. 1.8.1The diagram shows a feedback mechanism for thermoregulation in humans. (a) How is a change in the internal body temperature of humans detected? ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ (b) In this model, what is the effector and how does it carry out a response? ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ (c) What is meant by negative feedback? ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Blood vessels constrict Blood vessels dilate Body temperature decreases Cooling centre sends message Hypothalamus in brain Heating centre sends messageTemperature increases WX Y Z

Maintaining a Balance 8 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press  ,GHQWLI\WKHEURDGUDQJHRIWHPSHUDWXUHVRYHUZKLFKOLIHLVIRXQGFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHQDUURZ limits for individual species. 1.9.1 Identify the range of temperatures over which most life is found and give an exception to this range. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.9.2 Use an example to show how some species can only survive in a very narrow temperature range. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.10 Compare responses of named Australian ectothermic and endothermic organisms to changes in WKHDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGH[SODLQKRZWKHVHUHVSRQVHVDVVLVWWHPSHUDWXUHUHJXODWLRQ 1.10.1 Name an Australian ectotherm and describe how it responds to changes in the ambient temperature to control its body temperature. 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Dot Point HSC Biology 9 Maintaining a Balance Science Press 1.11 Analyse information from secondary sources to describe adaptations and responses that have occurred in Australian organisms to assist temperature regulation. 1.11.1 Distinguish between ectotherms and endotherms and identify organisms belonging to each group. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.11.2 7KHGLDJUDPVVKRZDEOXHWRQJXHOL]DUGDQGDEUXVKWDLOHGSRVVXP Identify which is an endotherm and which is an ectotherm and describe an adaptation or response of each to assist temperature regulation. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Maintaining a Balance 10 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press 1.12 Identify some responses of plants to temperature changes. 1.12.1 Complete the following table to summarise some adaptations of plants for temperature change. Temperature changeExample What happens How this assists plant Becomes much colder Becomes much colder Becomes hotter Becomes hotter 1.12.2 Explain how vernalisation assists plants to live in cold climates. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Biology 11 Maintaining a Balance Science Press 1.13 Applied Question Section 1 The following diagram shows a model you have studied. A B A B Walls of active site move a little and wrap around part A as it binds (a) Name this model. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Explain how enzymes speed up reactions. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) The diagram shows the graph of the reaction rate of two enzymes against pH. 021465 378109 pH Enzyme AEnzyme B Reaction rate If these enzymes are found in the human body, suggest possible places where enzyme A and enzyme B could work. Give a reason for each suggestion. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Maintaining a Balance 12 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press (d) The following data was collected when a group of HSC Biology students wanted to investigate the effect of temperature on the action of the enzyme catalase. Catalase is an enzyme found in plants and animals and aerobic bacteria. Catalase is involved in the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is produced as a waste product of metabolism in many organisms, e.g. hydrogen peroxide is DE\SURGXFWRIIDWW\DFLGR[LGDWLRQ+\GURJHQSHUR[LGHLVWR[LFWRFHOOVDQGPXVWEHTXLFNO\ removed. 2H 2O2 2H 2O + O 2 The students used a liver suspension as the source of catalase and added 2 drops of suspension to test tubes containing 3 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 3 mL of water. Each test tube was then placed in a water bath held at a particular temperature. The test tubes were connected to a pressure sensor and data logger and the following results were the maximum pressures (atm/min) recorded by the students. Student results: Temperature °C Pressure (atm/min) 10°C 0.4 25°C 0.5 35°C 0.7 40°C 0.8 45°C 0.9 50°C 0.1 (i) Plot these results on the graph. (ii) Suggest why the students only tested the catalase activity in the temperature range 10°C to 50 °C. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... catalase

Dot Point HSC Biology 13 Maintaining a Balance Science Press 2. Plants and animals transport dissolved nutrients and gases in a fluid medium.  ,GHQWLI\WKHIRUP V LQZKLFKHDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVFDUULHGLQPDPPDOLDQEORRG  ‡FDUERQGLR[LGH ‡R[\JHQ ‡ZDWHU  ‡VDOWV ‡OLSLGV ‡QLWURJHQRXVZDVWHV  ‡RWKHUSURGXFWVRIGLJHVWLRQ 2.1.1 Complete the following table to summarise how substances are carried in the blood. Substance Form carried in mammalian blood Carbon dioxide Oxygen Water Salts Lipids Nitrogenous waste Other products of digestion

Maintaining a Balance 14 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press 2.2 Explain the adaptive advantage of haemoglobin. 2.2.1 Haemoglobin is often described as a ‘respiratory pigment’. What does this mean? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.2.2 Explain why the presence of haemoglobin in the red blood cells of mammals is an adaptive advantage. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.3 Compare the structure of arteries, capillaries and veins in relation to their function. 2.3.1 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............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.3.2 Explain why it is incorrect to say that arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Dot Point HSC Biology 15 Maintaining a Balance Science Press 2.3.3 Complete the following table to compare arteries, capillaries and veins. Feature Arteries Capillaries Veins Diagram Definition Wall structure Blood pressure Diameter of blood vessel Function Composition of blood present Valves

Maintaining a Balance 16 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press 2.4 Describe the changes in the chemical composition of blood as it moves around the body and LGHQWLI\WLVVXHVLQZKLFKWKHVHFKDQJHVRFFXU 2.4.1 For each of the following locations in the body, identify a chemical that changes concentration at that location and describe why the changes occurs. LocationChemical that changes concentrationWhy the change in concentration occurs Lungs Carbon dioxide Lungs Oxygen Villi of small intestineAmino acids and glucose Liver Glucose Kidneys Water Kidneys Nitrogenous waste Gland Hormones

Dot Point HSC Biology 17 Maintaining a Balance Science Press  3HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHHIIHFWRIGLVVROYHGFDUERQGLR[LGHRQ ZDWHU 2.5.1 'HVFULEHD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ\RXSHUIRUPHGWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHHIIHFWRIGLVVROYHG carbon dioxide on water. Your description should include:  ‡DOLVWRIHTXLSPHQWXVHG  ‡DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG  ‡WKHVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRGXVHG  ‡GLVFXVVLRQRI\RXUUHVXOWV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Maintaining a Balance 18 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press  3HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQXVLQJWKHOLJKWPLFURVFRSHDQGSUHSDUHGVOLGHVWRJDWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQWRHVWLPDWHWKHVL]HRIUHGDQGZKLWHEORRGFHOOVDQGGUDZVFDOHGGLDJUDPVRIHDFK 2.6.1 'HVFULEHD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ\RXSHUIRUPHGWRHVWLPDWHWKHVL]HRIUHGDQGZKLWHEORRG cells. Your description should include:  ‡DOLVWRIHTXLSPHQWXVHG  ‡DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG  ‡WKHVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRGXVHG  ‡GLVFXVVLRQRIKRZ\RXHVWLPDWHGWKHVL]HRIWKH¿HOGRIYLHZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Dot Point HSC Biology 19 Maintaining a Balance Science Press 2.6.2 Use the following diagram to identify a red blood cell and a white blood cell and for each of these cells estimate its size. 10 microns  2XWOLQHWKHQHHGIRUR[\JHQLQOLYLQJFHOOVDQGH[SODLQZK\UHPRYDORIFDUERQGLR[LGHIURPFHOOV is essential. 2.7.1 Explain why living cells need oxygen. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.7.2 Explain why the removal of carbon dioxide from cells is essential. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  $QDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQIURPVHFRQGDU\VRXUFHVWRLGHQWLI\FXUUHQWWHFKQRORJLHVWKDWDOORZ measurement of oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide concentrations in blood and describe DQGH[SODLQWKHFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKWKHVHWHFKQRORJLHVDUHXVHG 2.8.1 When researching information from websites, what details should you check to ensure the TXDOLW\DQGDFFXUDF\RIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ\RXREWDLQ" ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Maintaining a Balance 20 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press 2.8.2 Describe a current technology that allows the measurement of oxygen saturation in blood and explain the conditions under which this technology is used. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Dot Point HSC Biology 21 Maintaining a Balance Science Press 2.9 Analyse and present information from secondary sources to identify the products extracted from donated blood and discuss the uses of these products. 2.9.1 Complete the following table to show four products from donated blood and the uses of these products. Product extracted from donated bloodIs component from plasma or blood cells?Use 2.10 Analyse and present information from secondary sources to report on progress in the SURGXFWLRQRIDUWL¿FLDOEORRGDQGXVHDYDLODEOHHYLGHQFHWRSURSRVHUHDVRQVZK\VXFKUHVHDUFK is needed. 2.10.1 :KDWLVPHDQWE\µDUWL¿FLDOEORRG¶DQGZK\DUHEORRGVXEVWLWXWHVRIWHQFODVVL¿HGDVHLWKHU ‘volume expanders’ or ‘oxygen therapeutics’? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.10.2 ,QWKHVUHVHDUFKEHJDQLQWREORRGVXEVWLWXWHV3HUÀXRURFDUERQVZHUHGHYHORSHG DQGPRUHUHFHQWGHYHORSPHQWVLQFURVVOLQNLQJDQGFKHPLFDOPRGL¿FDWLRQKDYHOHGWR haemoglobin solutions. Explain why research is needed in this area. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Maintaining a Balance 22 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press 2.10.3 Assess a named blood substitute product. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.11 Describe current theories about processes responsible for the movement of materials through plants in xylem and phloem tissue. 2.11.1 Identify the parts of vascular tissue in plants and their functions. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.11.2 Describe the process for movement of materials in xylem tissue. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Dot Point HSC Biology 23 Maintaining a Balance Science Press 2.11.3 Describe the process for movement of materials in phloem tissue. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  &KRRVHHTXLSPHQWRUUHVRXUFHVWRSHUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRJDWKHU¿UVWKDQGGDWDWR GUDZWUDQVYHUVHDQGORQJLWXGLQDOVHFWLRQVRISKORHPDQG[\OHPWLVVXH 2.12.1 The diagrams show two ways of cutting plant sections. Method A Method B Razor blade Stem Transverse section Razor blade Stem Longitudinal section Describe the use of each method. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.12.2 The diagram shows a stained tissue of plant stem as seen under high power with a light microscope. Name the type of section used to make this slide, the tissue, the material WUDQVSRUWHGE\WKLVWLVVXHDQGLGHQWLI\HDFKSDUWWKDWKDVEHHQLGHQWL¿HGZLWKDQDUURZ (a) ........................................................................................................................................................... (b) ............................................................................................................................................................ (c) ............................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................

Maintaining a Balance 24 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press 2.12.3 The diagram shows a student drawing of what was seen under high power of a light microscope after making a thin section of plant stem. What is this section? .............................................................................................................................................................. Label the different cell types. 2.13 Applied Question Section 2 Compare the transport of water in plants with the transport of water in animals. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Dot Point HSC Biology 25 Maintaining a Balance Science Press 3. Plants and animals regulate the concentration of gases, water and waste products of metabolism in cells and in interstitial fluid.  ([SODLQZK\WKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHULQFHOOVVKRXOGEHPDLQWDLQHGZLWKLQDQDUURZUDQJHIRU optimal function. 3.1.1 ([SODLQZK\DFKDQJHLQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHULQFHOOVFDQKDYHVHULRXVFRQVHTXHQFHVRQ cell metabolism. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  ([SODLQZK\WKHUHPRYDORIZDVWHVLVHVVHQWLDOIRUFRQWLQXHGPHWDEROLFDFWLYLW\ 3.2.1 Identify the main metabolic wastes products and discuss why they need to be removed from the body. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  ,GHQWLI\WKHUROHRIWKHNLGQH\LQWKHH[FUHWRU\V\VWHPRI¿VKDQGPDPPDOV 3.3.1 &RPSDUHWKHUROHRIWKHNLGQH\LQPDPPDOVIUHVKZDWHU¿VKDQGVDOWZDWHU¿VK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Maintaining a Balance 26 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press  ([SODLQZK\WKHSURFHVVHVRIGLIIXVLRQDQGRVPRVLVDUHLQDGHTXDWHLQUHPRYLQJGLVVROYHG QLWURJHQRXVZDVWHVLQVRPHRUJDQLVPV 3.4.1 Explain why many organisms do not rely on diffusion and osmosis as the only processes to remove dissolved nitrogenous wastes. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  'LVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHWUDQVSRUWDQGUHODWHWKHVHWRSURFHVVHVRFFXUULQJLQWKH mammalian kidney. 3.5.1 What is the difference between active and passive transport? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.5.2 Describe active and passive transport in the mammalian kidney. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  ([SODLQKRZWKHSURFHVVHVRI¿OWUDWLRQDQGUHDEVRUSWLRQLQWKHPDPPDOLDQQHSKURQUHJXODWH ERG\ÀXLGFRPSRVLWLRQ 3.6.1 ([SODLQKRZ¿OWUDWLRQDQGUHDEVRUSWLRQLQWKHNLGQH\PDLQWDLQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHUDQG salts in the body. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Biology 27 Maintaining a Balance Science Press  3HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUHRIDPDPPDOLDQNLGQH\E\GLVVHFWLRQXVHRI DPRGHORUYLVXDOUHVRXUFHDQGLGHQWLI\WKHUHJLRQVLQYROYHGLQWKHH[FUHWLRQRIZDVWHSURGXFWV 3.7.1 'HVFULEHD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ\RXSHUIRUPHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHVWUXFWXUHRIDPDPPDOLDQ kidney by dissection. Your description should include:  ‡DOLVWRIHTXLSPHQWXVHG  ‡DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG  ‡WKHVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRGXVHG  ‡ODEHOOHGGLDJUDPRIWKHLQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUHRIDNLGQH\DVVHHQLQWKHGLVVHFWLRQ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Labelled diagram of kidney:

Maintaining a Balance 28 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press 3.8 Gather, process and analyse information from secondary sources to compare the process of UHQDOGLDO\VLVZLWKWKHIXQFWLRQRIWKHNLGQH\ 3.8.1 'H¿QHGLDO\VLVDQGRXWOLQHKRZLWFDQDSSO\WRWKHNLGQH\ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.8.2 Fill in the following table to compare renal dialysis and the kidney. Feature Kidney Renal dialysis Structure Function and nitrogenous wastes Other functions How often it occurs Filtration and reabsorption

Dot Point HSC Biology 29 Maintaining a Balance Science Press  2XWOLQHWKHUROHRIWKHKRUPRQHVDOGRVWHURQHDQG$'+ DQWLGLXUHWLFKRUPRQH LQWKHUHJXODWLRQ RIZDWHUDQGVDOWOHYHOVLQEORRG 3.9.1 Complete the following table to summarise the hormones aldosterone and ADH. Feature Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Where it is produced When it is produced Stored Travels Action Suppression

Maintaining a Balance 30 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press  3UHVHQWLQIRUPDWLRQWRRXWOLQHWKHJHQHUDOXVHRIKRUPRQHUHSODFHPHQWWKHUDS\LQSHRSOHZKR cannot secrete aldosterone. 3.10.1 What is hormone replacement therapy? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.10.2 Describe the use of hormone replacement therapy for kidney conditions involving aldosterone GH¿FLHQFLHV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.11 Analyse information from secondary sources to compare and explain the differences in urine FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWHUUHVWULDOPDPPDOVPDULQH¿VKDQGIUHVKZDWHU¿VK 3.11.1 Complete the table to summarise the three types of nitrogenous wastes. Feature AmmoniaN H H H Uric acid HNH N N HN H O OO C C C C C UreaO C H 2N NH 2 Formation and energy needed for formation To xicity Solubility Animals releasing this as nitrogenous waste

Dot Point HSC Biology 31 Maintaining a Balance Science Press 3.11.2 In vertebrates, the function of the kidneys is the removal of nitrogenous and other wastes. .LGQH\VDUHDOVRLQYROYHGLQWKHRVPRWLFUHJXODWLRQRIERG\ÀXLGV,GHQWLI\WKHPDLQ nitrogenous waste and where it is removed from the bodies of terrestrial mammals, marine ¿VKDQGIUHVKZDWHU¿VK5HODWHWKLVH[FUHWLRQWRWKHXULQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHVHDQLPDOV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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SURGXFWLRQDQGH[FUHWLRQRIFRQFHQWUDWHGQLWURJHQRXVZDVWHVLQDUDQJHRI$XVWUDOLDQLQVHFWV and terrestrial mammals. 3.12.1 Leichhardt’s Grasshopper, Petasida ephippigera is a bright red, blue and orange grasshopper found on the eastern side of Australia. The Giant Australian termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis is only found in tropical northern Australia and nearby islands. It is Australia’s most destructive termite and builds large mounds. Grasshoppers and termites excrete uric acid. Explain the relationship between conservation of water and production of uric acid for these insects. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Maintaining a Balance 32 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press 3.12.2 7KHVSLQLIH[KRSSLQJPRXVHNotomys alexis lives in the desert and can survive by eating seeds, insects and plant roots and not drinking water. Their urine is one of the most concentrated found in mammals and they eliminate an almost dry faeces. Explain the relationship between conservation of water and the concentration of their nitrogenous waste IRUWKHVSLQLIH[KRSSLQJPRXVH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  'H¿QHHQDQWLRVWDVLVDVWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIPHWDEROLFDQGSK\VLRORJLFDOIXQFWLRQVLQUHVSRQVHWR variations in the environment and discuss its importance to estuarine organisms in maintaining appropriate salt concentrations. 3.13.1 'H¿QHHQDQWLRVWDVLV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.13.2 Describe the main features of an estuarine environment. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.14 Process and analyse information from secondary sources and use available evidence to discuss processes used by different plants for salt regulation in saline environments. 3.14.1 Describe two different processes to regulate salt levels of named plants that live in saline environments. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Biology 33 Maintaining a Balance Science Press  'HVFULEHDGDSWDWLRQVRIDUDQJHRIWHUUHVWULDO$XVWUDOLDQSODQWVWKDWDVVLVWLQPLQLPLVLQJZDWHU loss. 3.15.1 Complete the following table to summarise the adaptations of each Australian plant. Plant and feature Diagram How feature minimises water loss Eucalypts Leaves hang vertically. Spinifex grass Leaf can coil around underside. Hakea multilineata (grass-leaf hakea) Leaves are long, thin blades. Carpobrotus rossii (pigface) Leaves are thick, succulent. Actinotus spp (flannel flower) Leaves have dense covering of pale woolly hairs. Acacia spp Have extensive root system with root nodules. Oleander Deep root system below the water table.

Maintaining a Balance 34 Dot Point HSC Biology Science Press  3HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQDERXWVWUXFWXUHVLQSODQWVWKDWDVVLVWLQ WKHFRQVHUYDWLRQRIZDWHU 3.16.1 To investigate structures in plants used in the conservation of water, some HSC Biology VWXGHQWVPDGHDWKLQFURVVVHFWLRQRIDOHDIRIVSLQLIH[JUDVV7KH\REVHUYHGWKHVHFWLRQ under low power of a light microscope and drew the following diagram for their results. Low power spinifex grass stem Identify two features on this diagram and discuss how each structure assists in the conservation of water. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.17 Applied Question Section 3 Compare an adaptation to reduce water loss in an Australian plant with a mechanism to reduce water loss in an Australian animal. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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