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Marilyn Schell Margaret Hogan HSC CHEMISTRY

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861 © Science Press 2007 First published 2007 Reprinted 2007 (twice), 2008, 2009 Science Press Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915 sales@sciencepress.com.au www.sciencepress.com.au

Dot Point HSC Chemistry iii Contents Science Press Contents Introduction v Verbs to Watch vi Dot Points Production of Materials vii The Acidic Environment ix Chemical Monitoring and Management xi Industrial Chemistry xiii Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation xv Questions Production of Materials 1 The Acidic Environment 45 Chemical Monitoring and Management 101 Industrial Chemistry 157 Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation 207 Answers Production of Materials 251 The Acidic Environment 273 Chemical Monitoring and Management 299 Industrial Chemistry 325 Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation 345 Appendix Data Sheet 361 Periodic Table 362

Contents iv Dot Point HSC Chemistry Science Press Notes ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 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Science Press Introduction What the book includes ,QWKLVERRN\RXZLOO¿QGW\SLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVIRUHDFKGRWSRLQWLQWKH%RDUGRI6WXGLHV syllabus for the following topics in the Year 12 Chemistry course: ‡ 3URGXFWLRQRI0DWHULDOV ‡ 7KH$FLGLF(QYLURQPHQW ‡ &KHPLFDO0RQLWRULQJDQG0DQDJHPHQW ‡ ,QGXVWULDO&KHPLVWU\ ‡ 6KLSZUHFNV&RUURVLRQDQG&RQVHUYDWLRQ Also included are typical experimental results for students to analyse if the third column of the syllabus indicates WKDWVWXGHQWVVKRXOGFDUU\RXWµ¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV¶ Format of the book The book has been formatted in the following way: 1. Main topic statement (column 1 of syllabus) 1.1 etc Syllabus requirement from columns 2 and 3. 1RWHWKDWWKHQXPEHULQJRIWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVLVWKHDXWKRU¶VFKRLFHDQGKDVEHHQXVHGWRPDNHUHIHUHQFLQJ TXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVFOHDUHU7KHLQGLYLGXDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQRWQXPEHUHGLQWKHV\OODEXVWKH\DUHVLPSO\ EXOOHWHG±KHQFHRXUXVHRIµGRWSRLQWV¶ZKHQZHUHIHUWRWKHP 1.1.1 )LUVWW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV  UHTXLUHPHQW 1.1.2 6HFRQGW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV  UHTXLUHPHQWHWF 7KHQXPEHURIOLQHVSURYLGHGIRUHDFKDQVZHUJLYHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIKRZPDQ\PDUNVWKHTXHVWLRQPLJKWEH worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth one mark. Note that in PDQ\DQVZHUVWKUHHOLQHVKDYHEHHQSURYLGHGDVWKHDPRXQWRIZULWLQJUHTXLUHGH[FHHGVWZROLQHVEXWWKH chemistry involved is worth only one mark. How to use the book &RPSOHWLQJDOOTXHVWLRQVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDVXPPDU\RIDOOWKHZRUN\RXQHHGWRNQRZIURPWKHV\OODEXV You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not covered, but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams. :KHQZRUNLQJWKURXJKWKHTXHVWLRQVZULWHWKHDQVZHUV\RXKDYHWRORRNXSLQDGLIIHUHQWFRORXUWRWKRVH\RX NQRZZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRUHVHDUFKWKHZRUN7KLVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDTXLFNUHIHUHQFHWRZRUN\RXVKRXOG spend more time revising later, and allow you to spend your study time more productively. Dot Point HSC Chemistry v Introduction

Science Press account/account for State reasons for, report on, give an account of, narrate a series of events or transactions. analyse Identify components and the relationships among them, draw out and relate implications. apply Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation. appreciate Make a judgement about the value of something. assess 0DNHDMXGJHPHQWRIYDOXHTXDOLW\RXWFRPHV results or size. calculate 'HWHUPLQHIURPJLYHQIDFWV¿JXUHVRULQIRUPDWLRQ clarify Make clear or plain. classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories. compare Show how things are similar and different. construct Make, build, put together items or arguments. contrast Show how things are different or opposite. critically (analyse/evaluate) Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJORJLFTXHVWLRQLQJUHÀHFWLRQDQG TXDOLW\WRDQDQDO\VLVRUHYDOXDWLRQ deduce Draw conclusions. GH¿QH 6WDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIDQGLGHQWLI\HVVHQWLDOTXDOLWLHV demonstrate Show by example. describe Provide characteristics and features. discuss Identify issues and provide points for and against.distinguish Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from, note difference between things. evaluate Make a judgement based on criteria. examine ,QTXLUHLQWR explain Relate cause and effect, make the relationship between things evident, provide why and/or how. extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details. extrapolate Infer from what is known. identify Recognise and name. interpret Draw meaning from. investigate 3ODQLQTXLUHLQWRDQGGUDZFRQFOXVLRQVDERXW justify Support an argument or conclusion. outline Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features. predict Suggest what may happen based on available data. propose Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion etc) for consideration or action. recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences. recommend Provide reasons in favour. recount Retell a series of events. summarise Express concisely the relevant details. synthesise Put together various elements to make a whole. Verbs to Watch Verbs to Watch vi Dot Point HSC Chemistry

Science Press Dot Point Page 1. Energy and raw materials 2 from fossil fuels 1.1 Ethylene (ethene) from petroleum 2  5HDFWLYLW\RIHWK\OHQH¶VGRXEOHERQG   )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Alkanes and alkenes with bromine water 1.4 Ethylene as a monomer 5 1.5 Polymers, e.g. polyethylene 6 1.6 Industrial production of polyethylene 6 1.7 Modelling polymerisation 8 1.8 Vinyl chloride and styrene as monomers 8 1.9 Properties and uses of 9 polystyrene and PVC 2. Materials from biomass 11 2.1 Products of the petrochemical industry 11 2.2 Development and use of a biopolymer 11 2.3 Condensation polymers 13 2.4 Formation of condensation polymers 13 2.5 Cellulose – 14 a condensation polymer in biomass 2.6 Cellulose – a source 15 of commercial polymers  $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ  3. Ethanol – use and manufacture 17 3.1 Dehydration of ethanol 17 3.2 Hydrolysis of ethylene 18 3.3 Modelling the dehydration 18 and hydrolysis of ethylene 3.4 Industrial production 19 of ethanol from sugar cane 3.5 Ethanol as a solvent 20 3.6 Ethanol as a fuel – 20 a renewable resource 3.7 Naming alkanols 21Dot Point Page  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Molar heats of combustion of alkanols 3.9 Calculating molar heat of combustion 23 3.10 Ethanol as a car fuel 24 3.11 Ethanol as an alternative fuel 25  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Fermentation of glucose 3.13 Conditions for fermentation 26 3.14 Chemistry of fermentation 26  (TXDWLRQIRUIHUPHQWDWLRQ  4. Energy from redox reactions 27  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ*DOYDQLFFHOOV   )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ3RWHQWLDO  difference of metals in an electrolyte 4.3 Displacement of metals from solution 28 4.4 Activity of metals and displacement 28 4.5 Oxidation states 29 4.6 Redox reactions in galvanic cells 30 4.7 Construction of galvanic cells 31 4.8 Components of galvanic cells 32 4.9 Calculations using the redox table 33 4.10 Chemistry and uses of batteries compared 35  $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ  5. Nuclear chemistry 39 5.1 Stable and radioactive isotopes 39 5.2 Recent discoveries of elements 40 5.3 Production of transuranic elements 41 5.4 Production of commercial radioisotopes 41 5.5 Detection of radiation 42 5.6 Radioisotopes in industry and medicine 42 5.7 Radioisotopes – uses and properties 42  5DGLRLVRWRSHV±EHQH¿WVDQGSUREOHPV  Answers to Production of Materials 251 Production of Materials Dot Point HSC Chemistry vii Production of Materials

Science Press Notes ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 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Production of Materials viii Dot Point HSC Chemistry

Science Press The Acidic Environment Dot Point Page 1. Indicators 46  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Natural indicators 1.2 Indicators – colour changes 47 1.3 Prepared indicators 47 1.4 Acidic, basic or neutral 49 1.5 Acidity/basicity of household substances 50 1.6 Uses of indicators 51 2. Acidic oxides and the atmosphere 53  2[LGHVRIQRQPHWDOVDVDFLGV  2.2 Periodic Table and acidity of oxides 53  /H&KkWHOLHU¶VSULQFLSOH   )DFWRUVDIIHFWLQJHTXLOLEULXP  2.5 Solubility of carbon dioxide 55 2.6 Calculating gas volumes 56  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Decarbonation of a soft drink 2.8 Natural and industrial sources of sulfur 59 dioxide and nitrogen oxides 2.9 Chemical reactions that release 60 SO 2 and NO X 2.10 Formation and effects of acid rain 60 2.11 Evidence for changes in atmospheric 61 oxides of sulfur and nitrogen 2.12 Industrial origins of oxides 62 of sulfur and nitrogen 3. Acids and pH 63  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Using pH meters or probes 3.2 Acids as proton donors 63 3.3 Common acids 64 3.4 Naturally occurring acids and bases 64 3.5 The pH scale 65 3.6 Concentrated and dilute acids 66 3.7 Strong and weak acids 67  ,RQLFHTXDWLRQVIRUDFLGLRQLVDWLRQ  3.9 Modelling acids – 68 molecular nature and ionisationDot Point Page 3.10 Calculation of pH 68 3.11 Strong and weak acids – ionisation 70  6WURQJDQGZHDNDFLGV±HTXLOLEULXP  3.13 Strong and weak acids – calculating pH 71 3.14 Acids as food additives 72 4. Acid/base theories 73 4.1 Using secondary sources 73 4.2 Development of ideas about acids and 73 bases – Lavoisier, Davy and Arrhenius  %U|QVWHG/RZU\DFLGEDVHWKHRU\  4.4 Conjugate acids and bases 76 4.5 Conjugate acid/base pairs 76  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  pH of salt solutions 4.7 Explaining pH of salts 78 4.8 Amphiprotic substances 79 4.9 Neutralisation as a proton 79 transfer reaction  7LWUDWLRQWHFKQLTXHV   )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ7LWUDWLRQV   )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ7LWUDWLRQ  of a domestic substance using FRPSXWHUEDVHGWHFKQRORJ\ 4.13 Neutralisation in accidents 89 4.14 Buffers 90 5. (VWHUL¿FDWLRQ 93 5.1 Alkanols and alkanoic acids 93 5.2 Melting and boiling points of 95 alkanols and alkanoic acids  (VWHUL¿FDWLRQ  5.4 Naming esters 96  8VHRIDFLGLQHVWHUL¿FDWLRQ   5HÀX[LQJLQHVWHUL¿FDWLRQ   )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  3UHSDUDWLRQRIDQHVWHUE\UHÀX[ 5.8 Esters – occurrence, production and uses 99 5.9 Esters – uses in foods and cosmetics 99 Answers to The Acidic Environment 273 Dot Point HSC Chemistry ix The Acidic Environment

Science Press Notes ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 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The Acidic Environment x Dot Point HSC Chemistry

Science Press Chemical Monitoring and Management Dot Point Page 1. The work of chemists 102 1.1 The work of chemists 102 1.2 Chemists – roles and 103 chemical principles used 1.3 Collaboration between chemists 104 1.4 Monitoring a chemical reaction 104 2. Monitoring in industry – 107 the Haber process 2.1 Industrial uses of ammonia 107 2.2 Synthesis of ammonia 107 2.3 Synthesis of ammonia – 107 DQHTXLOLEULXPUHDFWLRQ 2.4 Synthesis of ammonia – 108 an exothermic reaction 2.5 Reaction rate and temperature 109  7KH+DEHUSURFHVVDQG/H&KkWHOLHU¶V  principle 2.7 The Haber process and pressure 110 2.8 The Haber process – a balancing act 110 2.9 Development of the Haber process 111 DQGLWVVLJQL¿FDQFH 2.10 The Haber process and catalysts 112 2.11 Monitoring the Haber process 113  $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ  3. Chemical analysis 115  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ)ODPHWHVWV  3.2 Monitoring ions in substances we use 118 3.3 Deducing ions present from test results 119  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ6XOIDWH  content of lawn fertiliser 3.5 Analysing reliability of results 122 3.6 Atomic absorption spectroscopy 124 3.7 Interpreting data from AAS analysis 126Dot Point Page 4. Atmospheric chemistry and ozone 129 4.1 Composition and layered 129 structure of the atmosphere 4.2 Atmospheric pollutants 129 4.3 Ozone in the atmosphere 130 4.4 Formation of coordinate covalent bonds 131 4.5 Coordinate covalent bonds 132 and Lewis structures 4.6 Allotropes of oxygen 132 4.7 Oxygen allotropes – properties 134 4.8 Isomers of haloalkanes 134 4.9 Modelling haloalkanes 136 4.10 CFCs and halons in the atmosphere 137 4.11 Changes in atmospheric 139 ozone concentrations 4.12 Destruction of atmospheric ozone 141 4.13 Problems associated with use of CFCs 142 4.14 Replacements for CFCs 143  $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ  5. Monitoring the water supply 145 5.1 Ions in water 145  'HWHUPLQLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\   )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ:DWHUWHVWLQJ  5.4 Monitoring water for heavy metals 150 and eutrophication 5.5 The local water supply 152 5.6 Effectiveness of water management 154  0LFURVFRSLFPHPEUDQH¿OWHUV  Answers to Chemical Monitoring and 299 Management Dot Point HSC Chemistry xi Chemical Monitoring and Management

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Chemical Monitoring and Management xii Dot Point HSC Chemistry

Science Press Industrial Chemistry Dot Point Page 1. Resources and replacements 158 1.1 A natural resource (not a fossil fuel) 158 1.2 Shrinking world resources 159  $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ  2. Equilibrium and the 161 equilibrium constant  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ0RGHOOLQJDQ  HTXLOLEULXPUHDFWLRQ  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ$QDO\VLQJDQ  HTXLOLEULXPUHDFWLRQ 2.3 Effects of changes on 163 HTXLOLEULXPUHDFWLRQV  7KHHTXLOLEULXPFRQVWDQW   &DOFXODWLQJWKHHTXLOLEULXPFRQVWDQW .    2QO\WHPSHUDWXUHFDQFKDQJH.   $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ  3. Sulfuric acid 171 3.1 Industrial uses of sulfuric acid 171 3.2 Sulfuric acid ionisation 171 3.3 Safety using sulfuric acid 171 3.4 Transport and storage of sulfuric acid 172 3.5 Extraction of sulfur 172 3.6 Indusrial production of sulfuric acid 174 3.7 Reaction conditions – 174 production of SO 2 and SO 3  5DWHVRIUHDFWLRQDQGHTXLOLEULXP±  production of SO 2 and SO 3 3.9 Industrial production of H 2SO 4 – 176 chemistry and output  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Reactions of H 2SO 4 3.11 Reactions of H 2SO 4 – 178 an oxidising and dehydrating agent 4. Sodium hydroxide 179  *DOYDQLFDQGHOHFWURO\WLFFHOOV   )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Electrolysis of sodium chlorideDot Point Page  (OHFWURO\VLVRIPROWHQDQGDTXHRXV  sodium chloride 4.4 Industrial production of sodium 183 hydroxide by electrolysis 4.5 The mercury, diaphragm and 184 membrane processes 5. 6DSRQL¿FDWLRQ 189  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ6DSRQL¿FDWLRQ   6DSRQL¿FDWLRQ  5.3 Fats and oils to make soap 190  /DERUDWRU\DQGLQGXVWULDOVDSRQL¿FDWLRQ   )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  An emulsion, properties and uses  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Soap as an emulsion 5.7 Soap – structure and cleaning action 193 5.8 Soap as an emulsion 194 5.9 Anionic, cationic and 194 QRQLRQLFGHWHUJHQWV 5.10 Soaps and synthetic detergents 195 5.11 Environmental impacts of 196 soaps and detergents 6. The Solvay process 199 6.1 The Solvay process – raw materials 199 6.2 Uses of sodium carbonate 199 6.3 The Solvay process – 199 steps and chemistry 6.4 The Solvay process – 201 environmental issues  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  The Solvay process 6.6 Calculations involving 202 the Solvay process 6.7 Location of a chemical plant using 204 the Solvay process  $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQV  Answers to Industrial Chemistry 325 Dot Point HSC Chemistry xiii Industrial Chemistry

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Industrial Chemistry xiv Dot Point HSC Chemistry

Science Press Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation Dot Point Page 1. The ocean as an electrolyte 208 1.1 Minerals in oceans 208 1.2 Electron transfer in redox reactions 208 1.3 Redox reactions occur when ions 209 are free to move  ,PSDFWRI*DOYDQL'DY\)DUDGD\  and electron transfer reactions  :RUNRI*DOYDQL'DY\DQG)DUDGD\   $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ  2. Ships of metal 213 2.1 Rusting of iron 213 2.2 Conditions for rusting 214  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Corrosion of iron and steel 2.4 Composition and properties of steel 218 2.5 Composition, properties and uses 219 of a range of steels 2.6 Iron and steel in ships 219 2.7 Corrosion of active and 220 passivating metals 3. Electrolytic cells 221 3.1 Electrolysis – anode and 221 cathode reactions 3.2 Factors affecting electrolysis 224  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Rate of electcrolysis 4. Corrosion in a marine environment 227 4.1 History of ship construction – 227 materials used  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Corrosion rate of metals and alloys 4.3 Protection of metal hulls 228  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Prevention of corrosion 4.5 Using the redox table 231 to predict corrosionDot Point Page 4.6 Cathodic protection 232 4.7 Cathodic protection – 233 chemistry and uses 4.8 Applications of cathodic protection 234 5. Corrosion in a sunken ship 235 5.1 Solubility of gases 235  *DVHVGLVVROYHGLQRFHDQV  5.3 Solubility of gases and depth of oceans 237 5.4 Temperature and corrosion rates 237  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  Rate of corrosion 5.6 Predicting corrosion rates at depth 239  $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ  6. Corrosion at depth 241  )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ5DWHRI  corrosion and acidity 6.2 Acidity and corrosion rates 242 6.3 Corrosion at depth 243  6XOIDWHUHGXFLQJEDFWHULDDQGFRUURVLRQ  7. Salvage, conservation and 245 restoration of artefacts 7.1 Artefacts from shipwrecks are saturated 245 7.2 Evaporation of a saturated 245 solution from artefacts 7.3 Electrolysis to remove salts 246 from artefacts 7.4 Electrolysis to clean and stabilise 247 metal artefacts 7.5 Chemical procedures to clean, 247 preserve and stabilise artefacts 7.6 RHVWRUDWLRQWHFKQLTXHVXVHG  in Australian projects Answers to Shipwrecks, Corrosion and 345 Conservation Dot Point HSC Chemistry xv Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation

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Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation xvi Dot Point HSC Chemistry

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 1 Production of Materials Science Press DOT POINT Production of Materials

Science Press Production of Materials 2 Dot Point HSC Chemistry 1. Fossil fuels provide both energy and raw materials such as ethylene, for the production of other substances. 1.1 Identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from the UH¿QLQJRISHWUROHXP 1.1.1 Describe the composition of petroleum. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.1.2 When petroleum undergoes distillation, fractions are produced. Identify some of these. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.1.3 D  'H¿QHIUDFWLRQDOGLVWLOODWLRQ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Use a diagram to show the industrial process of fractional distillation of petroleum. (c) Use a diagram to show the process of fractional distillation in the school laboratory.

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 3 Production of Materials Science Press 1.1.4 (a) Identify the IUPAC name for ethylene. (b) Construct the structural formula for ethylene. (c) Outline the main source of ethylene. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.1.5 Ethene is produced by the cracking of petroleum fractions. Describe the process of cracking. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.2 Identify that ethylene, because of the high reactivity of its double bond, is readily transformed into many useful products. 1.2.1 Complete the following: Ethylene (ethene) belongs to a homologous group of hydrocarbons called ........................................ . All alkenes have a ........................................ bond as their functional group. This is called a covalent bond because the carbon atoms ........................................ electrons. It is called a double bond because the ........................................ atoms share ........................................ pairs of ........................................ . 1.2.2 (a) Complete the following table to summarise the differences between the three series of hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Homologous series General formula Functional group Alkane C nH2n –C
AC–

Science Press Production of Materials 4 Dot Point HSC Chemistry (b) Write molecular formulas for: (i) ethane ....................................................................................... (ii) ethene ....................................................................................... (iii) ethyne ....................................................................................... 1.2.3 Ethane and ethene (ethylene) are both hydrocarbons, and they share a number of properties. 7KH\ERWKKDYHVPDOOQRQSRODUPROHFXOHVZLWKZHDNGLVSHUVLRQIRUFHVEHWZHHQWKHLU molecules, they are both relatively insoluble in water, have low melting and boiling points and they both burn readily in air or oxygen. Despite these similarities, ethene is used much more extensively in industry than ethane. Account for this difference in use. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.2.4 Alkanes such as ethane undergo substitution reactions. (a) What is meant by a substitution reaction? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E  8VHDQHTXDWLRQWRVKRZDQH[DPSOHRIDVXEVWLWXWLRQUHDFWLRQ 1.2.5 Alkenes such as ethene (ethylene) undergo addition reactions. (a) What is meant by an addition reaction? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E  8VHDQHTXDWLRQZLWKVWUXFWXUDOIRUPXODVWRVKRZWKHDGGLWLRQRIK\GURJHQWRHWKHQH F  8VHDQHTXDWLRQZLWKVWUXFWXUDOIRUPXODVWRVKRZWKHDGGLWLRQRIFKORULQHWRHWKHQH HWK\OHQH 

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 5 Production of Materials Science Press  ,GHQWLI\GDWDSODQDQGSHUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRFRPSDUHWKHUHDFWLYLWLHVRI appropriate alkenes with the corresponding alkanes in bromine water. 1.3.1 Describe the test you would use to distinguish an alkane such as ethane from an alkene such DVHWKHQH HWK\OHQH  7KLVVKRXOGLQFOXGHWHVWUHVXOWVDQGHTXDWLRQV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.3.2 'XULQJ\RXUFRXUVH\RXSODQQHGDQGSHUIRUPHGD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRFRPSDUHWKH reactivities of appropriate alkenes with the corresponding alkanes in bromine water. (a) Identify the chemicals you used and justify their choice. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Explain one safety precaution necessary when carrying out this experiment. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.4 Identify that ethylene serves as a monomer from which polymers are made. 1.4.1 D  'H¿QHPRQRPHU ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E  'H¿QHSRO\PHUDQGLGHQWLI\WKUHHH[DPSOHVRISRO\PHUV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Identify the term used to describe the process by which monomers are converted to a polymer. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Science Press Production of Materials 6 Dot Point HSC Chemistry 1.4.2 -XVWLI\WKHFODVVL¿FDWLRQRIHWK\OHQH HWKHQH DVDPRQRPHU ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.4.3 Classify each of the following as either a monomer or a polymer. (a) starch ............................................................................. (b) glucose ......................................................................... (c) ethylene (ethene) .................................................... (d) polyethylene ............................................................. 1.5 Identify polyethylene as an addition polymer and explain the meaning of this term. 1.5.1 'H¿QHZKDWLVPHDQWE\DQDGGLWLRQSRO\PHU ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.5.2 (a) Identify the monomer used to manufacture the polymer called polyethylene. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E  8VHDQHTXDWLRQWRVKRZWKDWSRO\HWK\OHQHLVDQDGGLWLRQSRO\PHU (c) Draw the structural formula for a part of a polyethylene molecule showing three monomer units joined together. 1.6 Outline the steps in the production of polyethylene as an example of a commercially and industrially important polymer. 1.6.1 Justify the statement that polyethylene is a commercially important polymer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 7 Production of Materials Science Press 1.6.2 Outline the steps in the production of polyethylene. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.6.3 (a) Explain what is meant by a free radical. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Explain how the formation of an ethene free radical assists in the formation of a polymer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.6.4 (a) Identify the type of catalyst used in the industrial production of polyethylene. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Describe the effect of this catalyst on the polymerisation process. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.6.5 8VHDÀRZFKDUWWRVKRZWKHLQGXVWULDOSURGXFWLRQRISRO\HWK\OHQHIURPHWK\OHQH

Science Press Production of Materials 8 Dot Point HSC Chemistry 1.6.6 ,QLQGXVWULDOSURFHVVHVVXFKDVSRO\PHULVDWLRQTXDOLW\FRQWUROLVFDUULHGRXW,GHQWLI\WKUHH factors that would need to be continually monitored and explain why this process is important in the production of polyethylene. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.6.7 During the production of polyethylene it is important to monitor temperature of the reaction vessel. Explain. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.7 Analyse information from secondary sources such as computer simulations, molecular model kits or multimedia resources to model the polymerisation process. 1.7.1 Describe how you modelled the polymerisation process in class. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  ,GHQWLI\WKHIROORZLQJDVFRPPHUFLDOO\VLJQL¿FDQWPRQRPHUV ‡ YLQ\OFKORULGH ‡ VW\UHQH by both their systematic and common names. 1.8.1 Complete the following table to summarise information about the monomers vinyl chloride and styrene. Common name of monomerSystematic name of monomerFormula of monomerName of polymer Vinyl chloride Styrene (Vinyl benzene)

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 9 Production of Materials Science Press 1.9 Describe the uses of the polymers made from the above monomers in terms of their properties. 1.9.1 Use the following table to summarise some uses of the polymers made from the monomers vinyl chloride and styrene. Name of polymer Structure of polymer Uses Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polystyrene 1.9.2 Complete the following table to link the uses of the different forms of the polymers shown to properties that allow them to be used in these ways. Name of polymerUse Property that determines this use PVC Flooring and carpet backing PVC Sheets for roofs and skylights Polyethylene Natural gas pipes Coating steel pipes Polyethylene Plastic bags and Food containers Polyethylene Sheathing for wire cables used for phone and TV Polystyrene Disposable foam cups Polystyrene Surfboards

Science Press Production of Materials 10 Dot Point HSC Chemistry 1.9.3 Assess the impact of the development of the production of polymers on society and on the environment. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 11 Production of Materials Science Press 2. Some scientists research the extraction of materials from biomass to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. 2.1 Discuss the need for alternative sources of the compounds presently obtained from the petrochemical industry. 2.1.1 What is meant by the petrochemical industry? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.1.2 Identify 10 chemicals presently produced by the petrochemical industry. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.1.3 Discuss the need for alternative sources of compounds presently manufactured by the petrochemical industry. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.2 Use available evidence to gather and present data from secondary sources and analyse progress in the recent development and use of a named biopolymer. This analysis should name the VSHFL¿FHQ]\PH V XVHGRURUJDQLVPXVHGWRV\QWKHVLVHWKHPDWHULDODQGDQHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHXVH or potential use of the polymer produced related to its properties. 2.2.1 'H¿QHWKHWHUPELRSRO\PHU ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.2.2 (a) Identify a biopolymer which is produced commercially. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Describe the structure of this polymer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Science Press Production of Materials 12 Dot Point HSC Chemistry (c) Identify and give the formula of the monomer(s) used to manufacture this named biopolymer. (d) Identify the source of the monomer(s). ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.2.3 $QVZHUWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQVDERXWWKHELRSRO\PHULGHQWL¿HGLQ4XHVWLRQ D  1DPHWKHVSHFL¿FHQ]\PH V RURUJDQLVP V XVHGWRV\QWKHVLVHWKLVELRSRO\PHU ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Analyse progress in the development of this biopolymer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Identify uses of this biopolymer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Identify properties of this biopolymer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (e) Choose one use of this biopolymer and relate this use to its properties. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 13 Production of Materials Science Press (f) Analyse progress in the uses of this biopolymer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.3 Explain what is meant by a condensation polymer. 2.3.1 Explain what is meant by a condensation polymer and identify three examples. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.4 Describe the reaction involved when a condensation polymer is formed. 2.4.1 8VHDQHTXDWLRQWRVKRZWKHIRUPDWLRQRIDFRQGHQVDWLRQSRO\PHU 2.4.2 Describe the reaction involved when a condensation polymer is formed. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.4.3 Compare condensation and addition reactions. Condensation reactions Addition reactions Both involve .................................................... joining to form a long chain molecule. No double bonds necessary No small molecule produced

Science Press Production of Materials 14 Dot Point HSC Chemistry 2.5 Describe the structure of cellulose and identify it as an example of a condensation polymer found as a major component of biomass. 2.5.1 (a) Describe the structure of glucose. Include a diagram in your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Describe the structure of cellulose. Include a diagram in your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Explain why cellulose is a condensation polymer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.5.2 Cellulose is a condensation polymer found in biomass. Outline the importance of this compound. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 15 Production of Materials Science Press  ,GHQWLI\WKDWFHOOXORVHFRQWDLQVWKHEDVLFFDUERQFKDLQVWUXFWXUHVQHHGHGWREXLOGSHWURFKHPLFDOV and discuss its potential as a raw material. 2.6.1 Explain why cellulose is a suitable raw material for the production of petrochemicals. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.6.2 Discuss the potential of cellulose as a raw material in the manufacture of petrochemicals. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Production of Materials 16 Dot Point HSC Chemistry 2.7 Applied question. 2.7.1 Ethene is a starting point for the petrochemical industry. At the present time, ethene is produced from petroleum, however in the future it may be produced from cellulose in biomass. Compare and evaluate these two methods of ethene production. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Dot Point HSC Chemistry 17 Production of Materials Science Press 3. Other resources, such as ethanol, are readily available from renewable resources such as plants. 3.1 Describe the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene and identify the need for a catalyst in this process and the catalyst used. 3.1.1 (a) Write the structural formula of ethanol. E  -XVWLI\WKHFODVVL¿FDWLRQRIHWKDQRODVDQDONDQRO ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.1.2 (a) What is meant by a dehydration reaction? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E  &RQVWXFWDQHTXDWLRQWRLOOXVWUDWHWKHGHK\GUDWLRQRIHWKDQROWRHWK\OHQH (c) Describe the dehydration of ethanol. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.1.3 Outline a reason for the use of a catalyst in the dehydration of ethanol. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Science Press Production of Materials 18 Dot Point HSC Chemistry 3.2 Describe the addition of water to ethylene resulting in the production of ethanol and identify the need for a catalyst in this process and the catalyst used. 3.2.1 :ULWHDPROHFXODUHTXDWLRQWRVKRZWKHDGGLWLRQRIZDWHUWRHWK\OHQHWRSURGXFHHWKDQRO ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.2.2 Describe the addition of water to ethylene to produce ethanol. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.3 Process information from secondary sources such as molecular model kits, digital technologies RUFRPSXWHUVLPXODWLRQVWRPRGHO ‡ WKHGHK\GUDWLRQRIHWKDQRO ‡ WKHDGGLWLRQRIZDWHUWRHWK\OHQH 3.3.1 Use structural formulas to model the following reactions: (a) dehydration of ethanol (b) addition of water to ethylene 3.3.2 Describe how you modelled one of the following reactions: ‡ WKHGHK\GUDWLRQRIHWKDQRO ‡ WKHDGGLWLRQRIZDWHUWRHWK\OHQH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 19 Production of Materials Science Press 3.4 Process information from secondary sources to summarise the processes involved in the industrial production of ethanol from sugar cane. 3.4.1 Outline the processes involved in the industrial production of ethanol from sugar cane. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.4.2 7KHIROORZLQJÀRZFKDUWVXPPDULVHVWKHLQGXVWULDOSURGXFWLRQRIHWKDQROIURPELRPDVV organic biomass crush and grind hydrolyse dilute acid, e.g. HCl Process A solid residue filtrate more acid hydrolyse Process A sugars in acid solution Ca(OH) 2 to neutralise acid solid residue, e.g. (CaSO 4) sugar solution Process B yeast or bacteria ethanol mixture carbon dioxide Process C ethanol by-products and wastes Identify the processes that occur at: A ...................................................................................... B ...................................................................................... C ......................................................................................

Science Press Production of Materials 20 Dot Point HSC Chemistry  'HVFULEHDQGDFFRXQWIRUWKHPDQ\XVHVRIHWKDQRODVDVROYHQWIRUSRODUDQGQRQSRODU substances. 3.5.1 (a) Identify the type of bonding within a molecule of ethanol. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Explain why ethanol is a polar molecule. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Identify the intermolecular forces between molecules of ethanol. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Use a diagram to show a hydrogen bond between atoms in adjacent ethanol molecules. 3.5.2 Describe and account for the many uses of ethanol as a solvent for polar and QRQSRODUVXEVWDQFHV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.6 Outline the use of ethanol as a fuel and explain why it can be called a renewable resource. 3.6.1 Outline the use of ethanol as a fuel. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 21 Production of Materials Science Press 3.6.2 -XVWLI\WKHFODVVL¿FDWLRQRIHWKDQRODVDUHQHZDEOHUHVRXUFH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.6.3 Distinguish between the terms renew, reuse and recycle. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  ,GHQWLI\WKH,83$&QRPHQFODWXUHIRUVWUDLJKWFKDLQHGDONDQROVIURP&WR& 3.7.1 D  &RPSOHWHWKHIROORZLQJWDEOHWRUHYLVHWKHVWUXFWXUHDQGQRPHQFODWXUHRIWKH¿UVWHLJKW alkanols. Name of alkanol Molecular formula Structural formula Methanol HO C CH H H HH Propanol C 4H9OH Pentanol Hexanol C 7H15OH Octanol

Science Press Production of Materials 22 Dot Point HSC Chemistry (b) Show the structural formulas of: L  KH[DQRO LL  SURSDQRO  ,GHQWLI\GDWDVRXUFHVFKRRVHUHVRXUFHVDQGSHUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRGHWHUPLQHDQG compare heats of combustion of at least three liquid alkanols per gram and per mole. 3.8.1 D  ,GHQWLI\WKHWKUHHOLTXLGDOFRKROV\RXXVHGZKHQSHUIRUPLQJD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWR determine and compare heats of combustion of alkanols. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Use a labelled diagram to show the method you used. (c) Comment on the accuracy of your results. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 23 Production of Materials Science Press (d) Suggest ways you could improve the accuracy of your results. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (e) Explain one safety precaution you applied when carrying out this experiment. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  'H¿QHWKHPRODUKHDWRIFRPEXVWLRQRIDFRPSRXQGDQGFDOFXODWHWKHYDOXHIRUHWKDQROIURP ¿UVWKDQGGDWD 3.9.1 'H¿QHWKHPRODUKHDWRIFRPEXVWLRQRIDFRPSRXQG ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.9.2 The following table shows the heats of combustion for a number of fuels. (a) Complete the following table by calculating the heat of combustion in kJ g –1 for each of the fuels shown. Fuel Formula Heat of combustion (kJ/mole)Heat of combustion (kJ/gram) Hydrogen H 2 285 Coke (carbon) C 393 Methane CH 4 890 Ethane C 2H6 1560 Propane C 3H8 2220 Methanol CH 3OH 727 Ethanol C 2H5OH 1367 (b) Identify the fuel that would produce the most heat by the combustion of 1 g of fuel. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Consider which has the lower heat of combustion, ethanol or methanol. Using this information, which would be more expensive to use as a fuel? ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Science Press Production of Materials 24 Dot Point HSC Chemistry 3.9.3 $JURXSRI

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 25 Production of Materials Science Press 3.11 Assess the potential of ethanol as an alternative fuel and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of its use. 3.11.1 Assess the potential of ethanol as an alternative fuel and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of its use. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Production of Materials 26 Dot Point HSC Chemistry 3.12.2 D  :ULWHDQHTXDWLRQIRUWKHIHUPHQWDWLRQRIJOXFRVH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Identify a potential problem in the fermentation of glucose and outline the method you used to overcome this problem. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Explain any mass changes that occur during fermentation. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.13 Describe conditions under which fermentation of sugars is promoted. 3.13.1 Describe conditions under which fermentation of sugars is promoted. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.14 Summarise the chemistry of the fermentation process. 3.14.1 Summarise the chemistry of the fermentation process. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.15 Present information from secondary sources by writing a balanced equation for the fermentation of glucose to ethanol. 3.15.1 :ULWHDEDODQFHGHTXDWLRQIRUWKHIHUPHQWDWLRQRIJOXFRVHWRHWKDQRO ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 27 Production of Materials Science Press 4. Oxidation-reduction reactions are increasingly important as a source of energy.  3HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRLGHQWLI\WKHFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKDJDOYDQLFFHOO is produced. 4.1.1 Identify the conditions under which a galvanic cell is produced. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.1.2 (a) Describe a galvanic cell that you set up. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Identify any observations you made. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  3HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQDQGJDWKHU¿UVWKDQGLQIRUPDWLRQWRPHDVXUHWKHGLIIHUHQFH in potential of different combinations of metals in an electrolyte solution. 4.2.1 'XULQJWKLVWRSLF\RXSHUIRUPHGD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQZKLFK\RXPHDVXUHGWKH difference in potential of different combinations of metals in an electrolyte solution. (a) Identify two combinations of metals that you used in this investigation. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Identify the electrolytes you used. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Science Press Production of Materials 28 Dot Point HSC Chemistry (c) For one of the pairs of metals used, draw a labelled diagram to show how you performed the experiment. (d) Outline one possible source of error in this investigation and describe how you could overcome this. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (e) Outline one safety issue involved in the carrying out of this experiment and describe how you would handle this issue. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... I  'HVFULEHZKDW\RXXVHGDVDVDOWEULGJHDQGLQGLFDWHWKHGLUHFWLRQRIÀRZRILRQVRYHUWKLV salt bridge. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.3 Explain the displacement of metals from solution in terms of transfer of electrons. 4.3.1 Explain the displacement of metals from solution in terms of transfer of electrons. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.4 Identify the relationship between displacement of metal ions in solution by other metals to the relative activity of metals. 4.4.1 Identify the relationship between displacement of metal ions in solution by other metals to the relative activity of metals. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 29 Production of Materials Science Press 4.4.2 List the following metals in order of activity from most active to least active: iron, magnesium, sodium, silver, zinc, lead, aluminium, calcium, copper. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.4.3 (a) A series of solutions is set up and pieces of metal are placed in each solution as shown in the table below. Complete the table to show where displacement reactions will occur. Solution Metal added Any displacement reaction Calcium chloride Zinc Zinc chloride Calcium Lead chloride Magnesium Lead chloride Silver (b) Which would cause the more vigorous displacement reaction, placing magnesium metal in zinc nitrate or in silver nitrate solution? Explain. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) A piece of zinc is placed into a copper sulfate solution. The copper sulfate loses its blue colour, copper is deposited on the bottom of the beaker and the zinc disappears. What can you deduce about the relative reactivity of copper and zinc? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.5 Account for changes in the oxidation state of species in terms of their loss or gain of electrons. 4.5.1 Account for changes in the oxidation state of species in terms of their loss or gain of electrons. (Hint: Show the connection between an increase or decrease in oxidation state and the processes of oxidation and reduction.) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Science Press Production of Materials 30 Dot Point HSC Chemistry 4.5.2 State the rules for working out oxidation states/numbers. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.5.3 Identify the oxidation states of the following: (a) Iron in FeSO 4 .................................................................. (b) Iron in FeCl 3 .................................................................... (c) Iron metal .......................................................................... (d) Oxygen in CO 2 ............................................................... (e) The nitrate ion NO 3 – ....................................................... I  0DQJDQHVHLQ.0Q2 4 ............................................... 4.6 Describe and explain galvanic cells in terms of oxidation/reduction reactions. 4.6.1 What is meant by a galvanic cell? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.6.2 'H¿QHWKHWHUPV (a) oxidation ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) reduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) redox reaction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) oxidant ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (e) reductant ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 31 Production of Materials Science Press 4.6.3 Explain galvanic cells in terms of oxidation/reduction reactions. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  2XWOLQHWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIJDOYDQLFFHOOVDQGWUDFHWKHGLUHFWLRQRIHOHFWURQÀRZ 4.7.1 Outline the construction of galvanic cells. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.7.2 D  'HVFULEHWKHGLUHFWLRQRIHOHFWURQÀRZLQDJDOYDQLFFHOO ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Add arrows to show: L  WKHÀRZRIHOHFWURQVLQWKHIROORZLQJJDOYDQLFFHOO (ii) the movement of ions in the salt bridge V salt bridge zinc anode Cu 2+(aq)copper cathode electrolyte, e.g. CuSO 4 electrolyte, e.g. ZnSO 4

Science Press Production of Materials 32 Dot Point HSC Chemistry  'H¿QHWKHWHUPVDQRGHFDWKRGHHOHFWURGHDQGHOHFWURO\WHWRGHVFULEHJDOYDQLFFHOOV 4.8.1 'H¿QHWKHIROORZLQJWHUPV (a) electrode ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) electrolyte ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) anode ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) cathode ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.8.2 (a) Identify the purpose of galvanic cells in society today. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E ,QWHUPVRIR[LGDWLRQUHGXFWLRQH[SODLQWKHSXUSRVHRIVHSDUDWLQJWKHUHDFWLRQVLQWRWZRKDOIFHOOV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Chemistry 33 Production of Materials Science Press 4.9 Solve problems and analyse information to calculate the potential E requirement of named electrochemical processes using tables of standard potentials and half equations. 4.9.1 (a) What is meant by a standard reduction potential? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E  'H¿QHDVWDQGDUGK\GURJHQKDOIFHOO,QFOXGHDGLDJUDPLQ\RXUDQVZHU ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... F  ,GHQWLI\WKHLQVWUXPHQWXVHGWRPHDVXUHWKHSRWHQWLDOGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWZRKDOIFHOOV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.9.2 (a) What is meant by the redox table? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Complete the following prose passage to describe the redox table. In the redox table, forward reactions are written as ................................................................. reactions. The higher the reduction potential the more easily the species is .............................................................. . Oxidations are shown by .................................................................. the reactions and changing the sign. Oxidising agents are on the .................................................................. side of the table, and they increase in strength as you move .................................................................. the table. The strongest oxidising agent is .................................................................. . Fluorine is most likely to accept .................................................................. from another species, thus causing the oxidation of that species. Reducing agents are found on the right side of the table, the strongest reducing agent is at the .................................................................. of the table.

Science Press Production of Materials 34 Dot Point HSC Chemistry Potassium and barium are the strongest reducing agents, so they are the metals most likely to .................................................................. electrons to another species, thus causing that species to be .................................................................. . A metal higher in the redox series will displace a metal .................................................................. from a solution of its ions. All metals above hydrogen will displace ............................................................. from a solution of its ions. A reducing agent will react with an .................................................................. agent lower in the table. 4.9.3 8VHWKHUHGR[WDEOHLQWKHEDFNRIWKLVERRNWRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQVEHORZ (a) What is the reduction potential for Fe 2+ + 2e – U Fe(s)? .................................................................................. (b) Convert the following reduction reactions to oxidation reactions: (i) Al 3+ + 3e – U
Al(s) –1.68 V (ii) Cu 2+ + 2e – U Cu(s) +0.34 V ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) An iron electrode is placed in a beaker of aluminium sulfate solution. Another iron electrode LVSODFHGLQFRSSHUVXOIDWHVROXWLRQ:ULWHHTXDWLRQVWRVKRZLQZKLFKEHDNHUDUHGR[UHDFWLRQ is occurring. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) A galvanic cell is set up containing a copper electrode in copper sulfate solution connected to a zinc electrode in zinc sulfate solution. Calculate the E potential for this cell if standard conditions apply. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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