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© 2016 The College Board. College Board, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. Practice Test 7 # Make time to take the practice test. It’s one of the best ways to get ready for the SAT. After you’ve taken the practice test, score it right away at sat.org/scoring . 7 K2-5MSA07



Test begins on the next page.

Reading Test 65 MINUTES, 52 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or graph). Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage. This passage is adapted from George Eliot, Silas Marner . Originally published in 1861. Silas was a weaver and a notorious miser, but then the gold he had hoarded was stolen. Shortly after, Silas adopted a young child, Eppie, the daughter of an impoverished woman who had died suddenly. Unlike the gold which needed nothing, and must be worshipped in close-locked solitude—which was hidden away from the daylight, was deaf to the song of birds, and started to no human tones—Eppie was a creature of endless claims and ever-growing desires, seeking and loving sunshine, and living sounds, and living movements; making trial of everything, with trust in new joy, and stirring the human kindness in all eyes that looked on her. The gold had kept his thoughts in an ever-repeated circle, leading to nothing beyond itself; but Eppie was an object compacted of changes and hopes that forced his thoughts onward, and carried them far away from their old eager pacing towards the same blank limit—carried them away to the new things that would come with the coming years, when Eppie would have learned to understand how her father Silas cared for her; and made him look for images of that time in the ties and charities that bound together the families of his neighbors. The gold had asked that he should sit weaving longer and longer, deafened and blinded more and more to all things except the monotony of his loom and the repetition of his web; but Eppie called him away from his weaving, and made him think all its pauses a holiday, reawakening his senses with her fresh life, even to the old winter-flies that came crawling forth in the early spring sunshine, and warming him into joy because she had joy. And when the sunshine grew strong and lasting, so that the buttercups were thick in the meadows, Silas might be seen in the sunny mid-day, or in the late afternoon when the shadows were lengthening under the hedgerows, strolling out with uncovered head to carry Eppie beyond the Stone-pits to where the flowers grew, till they reached some favorite bank where he could sit down, while Eppie toddled to pluck the flowers, and make remarks to the winged things that murmured happily above the bright petals, calling “Dad-dad’s” attention continually by bringing him the flowers. Then she would turn her ear to some sudden bird-note, and Silas learned to please her by making signs of hushed stillness, that they might listen for the note to come again: so that when it came, she set up her small back and laughed with gurgling triumph. Sitting on the banks in this way, Silas began to look for the once familiar herbs again; and as the leaves, with their unchanged outline and markings, lay on his palm, there was a sense of crowding remembrances from which he turned away timidly, taking refuge in Eppie’s little world, that lay lightly on his enfeebled spirit. 11 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

As the child’s mind was growing into knowledge, his mind was growing into memory: as her life unfolded, his soul, long stupefied in a cold narrow prison, was unfolding too, and trembling gradually into full consciousness. It was an influence which must gather force with every new year: the tones that stirred Silas’ heart grew articulate, and called for more distinct answers; shapes and sounds grew clearer for Eppie’s eyes and ears, and there was more that “Dad-dad” was imperatively required to notice and account for. Also, by the time Eppie was three years old, she developed a fine capacity for mischief, and for devising ingenious ways of being troublesome, which found much exercise, not only for Silas’ patience, but for his watchfulness and penetration. Sorely was poor Silas puzzled on such occasions by the incompatible demands of love. 1 Which choice best describes a major theme of the passage? A) The corrupting influence of a materialistic society B) The moral purity of young children C) The bittersweet brevity of childhood naïveté D) The restorative power of parental love 2 As compared with Silas’s gold, Eppie is portrayed as having more A) vitality. B) durability. C) protection. D) self sufficiency. 3 Which statement best describes a technique the narrator uses to represent Silas’s character before he adopted Eppie? A) The narrator emphasizes Silas’s former obsession with wealth by depicting his gold as requiring certain behaviors on his part. B) The narrator underscores Silas’s former greed by describing his gold as seeming to reproduce on its own. C) The narrator hints at Silas’s former antisocial attitude by contrasting his present behavior toward his neighbors with his past behavior toward them. D) The narrator demonstrates Silas’s former lack of self-awareness by implying that he is unable to recall life before Eppie. 4 The narrator uses the phrase “making trial of everything” (line 7) to present Eppie as A) friendly. B) curious. C) disobedient. D) judgmental. 5 According to the narrator, one consequence of Silas adopting Eppie is that he A) has renounced all desire for money. B) better understands his place in nature. C) seems more accepting of help from others. D) looks forward to a different kind of future. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 60 65 70 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 3

6 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 9-11 (“The gol d... itself”) B) Lines 11-16 (“but Eppi e... years”) C) Lines 41-43 (“The n... stillness”) D) Lines 61-63 (“shape s... for”) 7 What function does the second paragraph (lines 30-52) serve in the passage as a whole? A) It presents the particular moment at which Silas realized that Eppie was changing him. B) It highlights Silas’s love for Eppie by depicting the sacrifices that he makes for her. C) It illustrates the effect that Eppie has on Silas by describing the interaction between them. D) It reveals a significant alteration in the relationship between Silas and Eppie. 8 In describing the relationship between Eppie and Silas, the narrator draws a connection between Eppie’s A) physical vulnerability and Silas’s emotional fragility. B) expanding awareness and Silas’s increasing engagement with life. C) boundless energy and Silas’s insatiable desire for wealth. D) physical growth and Silas’s painful perception of his own mortality. 9 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 1-9 (“Unlik e... her”) B) Lines 30-41 (“And whe n... flowers”) C) Lines 46-48 (“Sittin g... again”) D) Lines 53-57 (“As th e... consciousness”) 10 As used in line 65, “fine” most nearly means A) acceptable. B) delicate. C) ornate. D) keen. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

Questions 11-21 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. This passage is adapted from David Rotman, “How Technology Is Destroying Jobs.” ©2013 by MIT Technology Review. MIT business scholars Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee have argued that impressive advances in computer technology—from improved industrial robotics to automated translation services—are largely behind the sluggish employment growth of the last 10 to 15 years. Even more ominous for workers, they foresee dismal prospects for many types of jobs as these powerful new technologies are increasingly adopted not only in manufacturing, clerical, and retail work but in professions such as law, financial services, education, and medicine. That robots, automation, and software can replace people might seem obvious to anyone who’s worked in automotive manufacturing or as a travel agent. But Brynjolfsson and McAfee’s claim is more troubling and controversial. They believe that rapid technological change has been destroying jobs faster than it is creating them, contributing to the stagnation of median income and the growth of inequality in the United States. And, they suspect, something similar is happening in other technologically advanced countries. As evidence, Brynjolfsson and McAfee point to a chart that only an economist could love. In economics, productivity—the amount of economic value created for a given unit of input, such as an hour of labor—is a crucial indicator of growth and wealth creation. It is a measure of progress. On the chart Brynjolfsson likes to show, separate lines represent productivity and total employment in the United States. For years after World War II, the two lines closely tracked each other, with increases in jobs corresponding to increases in productivity. The pattern is clear: as businesses generated more value from their workers, the country as a whole became richer, which fueled more economic activity and created even more jobs. Then, beginning in 2000, the lines diverge; productivity continues to rise robustly, but employment suddenly wilts. By 2011, a significant gap appears between the two lines, showing economic growth with no parallel increase in job creation. Brynjolfsson and McAfee call it the “great decoupling.” And Brynjolfsson says he is confident that technology is behind both the healthy growth in productivity and the weak growth in jobs. It’s a startling assertion because it threatens the faith that many economists place in technological progress. Brynjolfsson and McAfee still believe that technology boosts productivity and makes societies wealthier, but they think that it can also have a dark side: technological progress is eliminating the need for many types of jobs and leaving the typical worker worse off than before. Brynjolfsson can point to a second chart indicating that median income is failing to rise even as the gross domestic product soars. “It’s the great paradox of our era,” he says. “Productivity is at record levels, innovation has never been faster, and yet at the same time, we have a falling median income and we have fewer jobs. People are falling behind because technology is advancing so fast and our skills and organizations aren’t keeping up.” While technological changes can be painful for workers whose skills no longer match the needs of employers, Lawrence Katz, a Harvard economist, says that no historical pattern shows these shifts leading to a net decrease in jobs over an extended period. Katz has done extensive research on how technological advances have affected jobs over the last few centuries—describing, for example, how highly skilled artisans in the mid-19th century were displaced by lower-skilled workers in factories. While it can take decades for workers to acquire the expertise needed for new types of employment, he says, “we never have run out of jobs. There is no long-term trend of eliminating work for people. Over the long term, employment rates are fairly stable. People have always been able to create new jobs. People come up with new things to do.” Still, Katz doesn’t dismiss the notion that there is something different about today’s digital technologies—something that could affect an even broader range of work. The question, he says, is whether economic history will serve as a useful 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 5

guide. Will the job disruptions caused by technology be temporary as the workforce adapts, or will we see a science-fiction scenario in which automated processes and robots with superhuman skills take over a broad swath of human tasks? Though Katz expects the historical pattern to hold, it is “genuinely a question,” he says. “If technology disrupts enough, who knows what will happen?” Figure 1 Percentage of 1947 levels 1987 300 100 500 200 400 1997 2007 2013 1947 1957 United States Productivity and Employment (indexed: 1947 = 100) 1967 1977 productivity employment Figure 2 Output per worker (2002 values = 100) Output per Employed Person in Manufacturing as Factories Have Become More Automated United States Germany Japan 1960 0 50 100 150 200 1970 1980 1990 2000 2011 11 ............................................. 85 90 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

11 The main purpose of the passage is to A) examine the role of technology in workers’ lives during the last century. B) advocate for better technology to enhance workplace conditions. C) argue for changes in how technology is deployed in the workplace. D) assess the impact of advancements in technology on overall job growth. 12 According to Brynjolfsson and McAfee, advancements in technology since approximately the year 2000 have resulted in A) low job growth in the United States. B) global workplace changes. C) more skilled laborers in the United States. D) no global creation of new jobs. 13 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 1-6 (“MI T... years”) B) Lines 13-15 (“Tha t... agent”) C) Lines 21-23 (“An d... countries”) D) Lines 35-38 (“as businesse s... jobs”) 14 The primary purpose of lines 26-28 (“the amoun t... labor”) is to A) describe a process. B) highlight a dilemma. C) clarify a claim. D) explain a term. 15 As used in line 35, “clear” most nearly means A) pure. B) keen. C) untroubled. D) unmistakable. 16 Which of the following best characterizes Katz’s attitude toward “today’s digital technologies” (lines 81-82)? A) He is alarmed about countries’ increasing reliance on them. B) He is unconcerned about their effect on the economy. C) He is uncertain how they might affect job growth. D) He is optimistic that they will spur job creation to a degree not seen since the mid-nineteenth century. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 7

17 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 68-72 (“Kat z... factories”) B) Lines 73-75 (“Whil e... jobs”) C) Line 79 (“People com e... do”) D) Lines 91-92 (“I f... happen”) 18 As used in line 83, “range” most nearly means A) region. B) scope. C) distance. D) position. 19 According to figure 1, which of the following years showed the widest gap between percentages of productivity and employment? A) 1987 B) 1997 C) 2007 D) 2013 20 Which statement is supported by figure 2? A) The country with the greatest growth in output per manufacturing worker from 1960 to 1990 was Germany. B) Japan experienced its smallest increase in output per manufacturing worker from 2000 to 2011. C) Each of the three countries experienced an increase in its output per manufacturing worker from 1960 to 2011. D) Of the three countries, the United States had the greatest output per manufacturing worker for each of the years shown. 21 Which additional information, if presented in figure 2, would be most useful in evaluating the statement in lines 57-60 (“Productivit y... jobs”)? A) The median income of employees as it compares across all three countries in a single year B) The number of people employed in factories from 1960 to 2011 C) The types of organizations at which output of employed persons was measured D) The kinds of manufacturing tasks most frequently taken over by machines 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

Questions 22-31 are based on the following passage. This passage is adapted from Patricia Waldron, “Why Birds Fly in a V Formation.” ©2014 by American Association for the Advancement of Science. Anyone watching the autumn sky knows that migrating birds fly in a V formation, but scientists have long debated why. A new study of ibises finds that these big-winged birds carefully position their wingtips and sync their flapping, presumably to catch the preceding bird’s updraft—and save energy during flight. There are two reasons birds might fly in a V formation: It may make flight easier, or they’re simply following the leader. Squadrons of planes can save fuel by flying in a V formation, and many scientists suspect that migrating birds do the same. Models that treated flapping birds like fixed-wing airplanes estimate that they save energy by drafting off each other, but currents created by airplanes are far more stable than the oscillating eddies coming off of a bird. “Air gets pretty unpredictable behind a flapping wing,” says James Usherwood, a locomotor biomechanist at the Royal Veterinary College at the University of London in Hatfield, where the research took place. The study, published in Nature , took advantage of an existing project to reintroduce endangered northern bald ibises ( Geronticus eremita ) to Europe. Scientists used a microlight plane to show hand-raised birds their ancestral migration route from Austria to Italy. A flock of 14 juveniles carried data loggers specially built by Usherwood and his lab. The device’s GPS determined each bird’s flight position to within 30 cm, and an accelerometer showed the timing of the wing flaps. Just as aerodynamic estimates would predict, the birds positioned themselves to fly just behind and to the side of the bird in front, timing their wing beats to catch the uplifting eddies. When a bird flew directly behind another, the timing of the flapping reversed so that it could minimize the effects of the downdraft coming off the back of the bird’s body. “We didn’t think this was possible,” Usherwood says, considering that the feat requires careful flight and incredible awareness of one’s neighbors. “Perhaps these big V formation birds can be thought of quite like an airplane with wings that go up and down.” The findings likely apply to other long-winged birds, such as pelicans, storks, and geese, Usherwood says. Smaller birds create more complex wakes that would make drafting too difficult. The researchers did not attempt to calculate the bird’s energy savings because the necessary physiological measurements would be too invasive for an endangered species. Previous studies estimate that birds can use 20 percent to 30 percent less energy while flying in a V. “From a behavioral perspective it’s really a breakthrough,” says David Lentink, a mechanical engineer at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, who was not involved in the work. “Showing that birds care about syncing their wing beats is definitely an important insight that we didn’t have before.” Scientists do not know how the birds find that aerodynamic sweet spot, but they suspect that the animals align themselves either by sight or by sensing air currents through their feathers. Alternatively, they may move around until they find the location with the least resistance. In future studies, the researchers will switch to more common birds, such as pigeons or geese. They plan to investigate how the animals decide who sets the course and the pace, and whether a mistake made by the leader can ripple through the rest of the flock to cause traffic jams. “It’s a pretty impressive piece of work as it is, but it does suggest that there’s a lot more to learn,” says Ty Hedrick, a biologist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, who studies flight aerodynamics in birds and insects. However they do it, he says, “birds are awfully good hang-glider pilots.” 22 The main purpose of the passage is to A) describe how squadrons of planes can save fuel by flying in a V formation. B) discuss the effects of downdrafts on birds and airplanes. C) explain research conducted to study why some birds fly in a V formation. D) illustrate how birds sense air currents through their feathers. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 9

23 The author includes the quotation “Air gets pretty unpredictable behind a flapping wing” (lines 17-18) to A) explain that the current created by a bird differs from that of an airplane. B) stress the amount of control exerted by birds flying in a V formation. C) indicate that wind movement is continuously changing. D) emphasize that the flapping of a bird’s wings is powerful. 24 What can reasonably be inferred about the reason Usherwood used northern bald ibises as the subjects of his study? A) The ibises were well acquainted with their migration route. B) Usherwood knew the ibises were familiar with carrying data loggers during migration. C) The ibises have a body design that is similar to that of a modern airplane. D) The ibises were easily accessible for Usherwood and his team to track and observe. 25 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 3-7 (“A new . . . flight”) B) Lines 10-12 (“Squadron s... same”) C) Lines 22-24 (“The stud y... Europe”) D) Lines 29-31 (“The device’ s... flaps”) 26 What is the most likely reason the author includes the 30 cm measurement in line 30? A) To demonstrate the accuracy with which the data loggers collected the data B) To present recorded data about how far an ibis flies between successive wing flaps C) To provide the wingspan length of a juvenile ibis D) To show how far behind the microlight plane each ibis flew 27 What does the author imply about pelicans, storks, and geese flying in a V formation? A) They communicate with each other in the same way as do ibises. B) They have the same migration routes as those of ibises. C) They create a similar wake to that of ibises. D) They expend more energy than do ibises. 28 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 35-38 (“Whe n... body”) B) Lines 47-48 (“Smalle r... difficult”) C) Lines 52-54 (“Previou s...aV”) D) Lines 66-67 (“Alternativel y... resistance”) 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

29 What is a main idea of the seventh paragraph (lines 62-73)? A) Different types of hierarchies exist in each flock of birds. B) Mistakes can happen when long-winged birds create a V formation. C) Future research will help scientists to better understand V formations. D) Long-winged birds watch the lead bird closely to keep a V formation intact. 30 The author uses the phrase “aerodynamic sweet spot” in line 63 most likely to A) describe how the proper structural design of an airplane helps to save fuel. B) show that flying can be an exhilarating experience. C) describe the birds’ synchronized wing movement. D) suggest that a certain position in a V formation has the least amount of wind resistance. 31 As used in line 72, “ripple” most nearly means A) fluctuate. B) spread. C) wave. D) undulate. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

Questions 32-41 are based on the following passages. Passage 1 is adapted from Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Volume 2 . Originally published in 1840. Passage 2 is adapted from Harriet Taylor Mill, “Enfranchisement of Women.” Originally published in 1851. As United States and European societies grew increasingly democratic during the nineteenth century, debates arose about whether freedoms enjoyed by men should be extended to women as well. Passage 1 I have shown how democracy destroys or modifies the different inequalities which originate in society; but is this all? or does it not ultimately affect that great inequality of man and woman which has seemed, up to the present day, to be eternally based in human nature? I believe that the social changes which bring nearer to the same level the father and son, the master and servant, and superiors and inferiors generally speaking, will raise woman and make her more and more the equal of man. But here, more than ever, I feel the necessity of making myself clearly understood; for there is no subject on which the coarse and lawless fancies of our age have taken a freer range. There are people in Europe who, confounding together the different characteristics of the sexes, would make of man and woman beings not only equal but alike. They would give to both the same functions, impose on both the same duties, and grant to both the same rights; they would mix them in all things—their occupations, their pleasures, their business. It may readily be conceived, that by thus attempting to make one sex equal to the other, both are degraded; and from so preposterous a medley of the works of nature nothing could ever result but weak men and disorderly women. It is not thus that the Americans understand that species of democratic equality which may be established between the sexes. They admit, that as nature has appointed such wide differences between the physical and moral constitution of man and woman, her manifest design was to give a distinct employment to their various faculties; and they hold that improvement does not consist in making beings so dissimilar do pretty nearly the same things, but in getting each of them to fulfill their respective tasks in the best possible manner. The Americans have applied to the sexes the great principle of political economy which governs the manufactures of our age, by carefully dividing the duties of man from those of woman, in order that the great work of society may be the better carried on. Passage 2 As society was constituted until the last few generations, inequality was its very basis; association grounded on equal rights scarcely existed; to be equals was to be enemies; two persons could hardly coöperate in anything, or meet in any amicable relation, without the law’s appointing that one of them should be the superior of the other. Mankind have outgrown this state, and all things now tend to substitute, as the general principle of human relations, a just equality, instead of the dominion of the strongest. But of all relations, that between men and women, being the nearest and most intimate, and connected with the greatest number of strong emotions, was sure to be the last to throw off the old rule, and receive the new; for, in proportion to the strength of a feeling is the tenacity with which it clings to the forms and circumstances with which it has even accidentally become associated .... . . . The proper sphere for all human beings is the largest and highest which they are able to attain to. What this is, cannot be ascertained without complete liberty of choice ....Let every occupation be open to all, without favor or discouragement to any, and employments will fall into the hands of those men or women who are found by experience to be most capable of worthily exercising them. There need be no fear that women will take out of the hands of men any occupation which men perform better than they. Each individual will prove his or her capacities, in the only way in which capacities can be proved,—by trial; and the world will have the benefit of the best faculties of all its inhabitants. But to interfere beforehand by an arbitrary limit, and declare that whatever be the genius, talent, energy, or force of 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

mind, of an individual of a certain sex or class, those faculties shall not be exerted, or shall be exerted only in some few of the many modes in which others are permitted to use theirs, is not only an injustice to the individual, and a detriment to society, which loses what it can ill spare, but is also the most effectual way of providing that, in the sex or class so fettered, the qualities which are not permitted to be exercised shall not exist. 32 As used in line 9, “raise” most nearly means A) increase. B) cultivate. C) nurture. D) elevate. 33 In Passage 1, Tocqueville implies that treatment of men and women as identical in nature would have which consequence? A) Neither sex would feel oppressed. B) Both sexes would be greatly harmed. C) Men would try to reclaim their lost authority. D) Men and women would have privileges they do not need. 34 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 15-18 (“Ther e... alike”) B) Lines 18-20 (“The y... rights”) C) Lines 22-24 (“It ma y... degraded”) D) Lines 27-29 (“It i s... sexes”) 35 As used in line 53, “dominion” most nearly means A) omnipotence. B) supremacy. C) ownership. D) territory. 36 In Passage 2, Mill most strongly suggests that gender roles are resistant to change because they A) have long served as the basis for the formal organization of society. B) are matters of deeply entrenched tradition. C) can be influenced by legislative reforms only indirectly. D) benefit the groups and institutions currently in power. 37 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 43-44 (“As societ y... basis”) B) Lines 46-49 (“tw o... other”) C) Lines 58-61 (“in proportio n... associated”) D) Lines 67-69 (“employment s... them”) 38 Both authors would most likely agree that the changes in gender roles that they describe would be A) part of a broad social shift toward greater equality. B) unlikely to provide benefits that outweigh their costs. C) inevitable given the economic advantages of gender equality. D) at odds with the principles of American democracy. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 80 85 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

39 Tocqueville in Passage 1 would most likely characterize the position taken by Mill in lines 65-69 in Passage 2 (“Le t... them”) as A) less radical about gender roles than it might initially seem. B) persuasive in the abstract but difficult to implement in practice. C) ill-advised but consistent with a view held by some other advocates of gender equality. D) compatible with economic progress in the United States but not in Europe. 40 Which choice best describes the ways that the two authors conceive of the individual’s proper position in society? A) Tocqueville believes that an individual’s position should be defined in important ways by that individual’s sex, while Mill believes that an individual’s abilities should be the determining factor. B) Tocqueville believes that an individual’s economic class should determine that individual’s position, while Mill believes that class is not a legitimate consideration. C) Tocqueville believes that an individual’s temperament should determine that individual’s position, while Mill believes that temperament should not be a factor in an individual’s position. D) Tocqueville believes that an individual’s position should be determined by what is most beneficial to society, while Mill believes it should be determined by what an individual finds most rewarding. 41 Based on Passage 2, Mill would most likely say that the application of the “great principle of political economy” (lines 38-39, Passage 1) to gender roles has which effect? A) It prevents many men and women from developing to their full potential. B) It makes it difficult for men and women to sympathize with each other. C) It unintentionally furthers the cause of gender equality. D) It guarantees that women take occupations that men are better suited to perform. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

Questions 42-52 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. This passage is adapted from Brian Greene, “How the Higgs Boson Was Found.” ©2013 by Smithsonian Institution. The Higgs boson is an elementary particle associated with the Higgs field. Experiments conducted in 2012–2013 tentatively confirmed the existence of the Higgs boson and thus of the Higgs field. Nearly a half-century ago, Peter Higgs and a handful of other physicists were trying to understand the origin of a basic physical feature: mass. You can think of mass as an object’s heft or, a little more precisely, as the resistance it offers to having its motion changed. Push on a freight train (or a feather) to increase its speed, and the resistance you feel reflects its mass. At a microscopic level, the freight train’s mass comes from its constituent molecules and atoms, which are themselves built from fundamental particles, electrons and quarks. But where do the masses of these and other fundamental particles come from? When physicists in the 1960s modeled the behavior of these particles using equations rooted in quantum physics, they encountered a puzzle. If they imagined that the particles were all massless, then each term in the equations clicked into a perfectly symmetric pattern, like the tips of a perfect snowflake. And this symmetry was not just mathematically elegant. It explained patterns evident in the experimental data. But—and here’s the puzzle—physicists knew that the particles did have mass, and when they modified the equations to account for this fact, the mathematical harmony was spoiled. The equations became complex and unwieldy and, worse still, inconsistent. What to do? Here’s the idea put forward by Higgs. Don’t shove the particles’ masses down the throat of the beautiful equations. Instead, keep the equations pristine and symmetric, but consider them operating within a peculiar environment. Imagine that all of space is uniformly filled with an invisible substance—now called the Higgs field—that exerts a drag force on particles when they accelerate through it. Push on a fundamental particle in an effort to increase its speed and, according to Higgs, you would feel this drag force as a resistance. Justifiably, you would interpret the resistance as the particle’s mass. For a mental toehold, think of a ping-pong ball submerged in water. When you push on the ping-pong ball, it will feel much more massive than it does outside of water. Its interaction with the watery environment has the effect of endowing it with mass. So with particles submerged in the Higgs field. In 1964, Higgs submitted a paper to a prominent physics journal in which he formulated this idea mathematically. The paper was rejected. Not because it contained a technical error, but because the premise of an invisible something permeating space, interacting with particles to provide their mass, well, it all just seemed like heaps of overwrought speculation. The editors of the journal deemed it “of no obvious relevance to physics.” But Higgs persevered (and his revised paper appeared later that year in another journal), and physicists who took the time to study the proposal gradually realized that his idea was a stroke of genius, one that allowed them to have their cake and eat it too. In Higgs’s scheme, the fundamental equations can retain their pristine form because the dirty work of providing the particles’ masses is relegated to the environment. While I wasn’t around to witness the initial rejection of Higgs’s proposal in 1964 (well, I was around, but only barely), I can attest that by the mid-1980s, the assessment had changed. The physics community had, for the most part, fully bought into the idea that there was a Higgs field permeating space. In fact, in a graduate course I took that covered what’s known as the Standard Model of Particle Physics (the quantum equations physicists have assembled to describe the particles of matter and the dominant forces by which they influence each other), the professor presented the Higgs field with such certainty that for a long while I had no idea it had yet to be established experimentally. On occasion, that happens in physics. Mathematical equations can sometimes tell such a convincing tale, they can seemingly radiate reality so strongly, that they become entrenched in the vernacular of working physicists, even before there’s data to confirm them. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

Years from Introduction of Concept of Particle to Experimental Confirmation electron electron neutrino photon muon neutrino tau W boson Z boson tau neutrino Higgs boson 1880 1900 1920 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1940 1930 1910 1890 1950 2012 Adapted from the editors of The Economist , “Worth the Wait.” ©2012 by The Economist Newspaper Limited. 42 Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts from A) a technical account of the Higgs field to a description of it aimed at a broad audience. B) a review of Higgs’s work to a contextualization of that work within Higgs’s era. C) an explanation of the Higgs field to a discussion of the response to Higgs’s theory. D) an analysis of the Higgs field to a suggestion of future discoveries that might build upon it. 43 The main purpose of the analogy of the ping-pong ball (line 40) is to A) popularize a little-known fact. B) contrast competing scientific theories. C) criticize a widely accepted explanation. D) clarify an abstract concept. 44 The author most strongly suggests that the reason the scientific community initially rejected Higgs’s idea was that the idea A) addressed a problem unnoticed by other physicists. B) only worked if the equations were flawless. C) rendered accepted theories in physics obsolete. D) appeared to have little empirical basis. 45 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 30-32 (“Instea d... environment”) B) Lines 46-48 (“In 196 4... mathematically”) C) Lines 48-53 (“No t... speculation”) D) Lines 67-70 (“The physic s... space”) 11 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

46 The author notes that one reason Higgs’s theory gained acceptance was that it A) let scientists accept two conditions that had previously seemed irreconcilable. B) introduced an innovative approach that could be applied to additional problems. C) answered a question that earlier scientists had not even raised. D) explained why two distinct phenomena were being misinterpreted as one phenomenon. 47 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 36-39 (“Pus h... mass”) B) Lines 43-45 (“Its interactio n... field”) C) Lines 55-63 (“Bu t... environment”) D) Lines 78-83 (“On occasio n... them”) 48 Which statement best describes the technique the author uses to advance the main point of the last paragraph? A) He recounts a personal experience to illustrate a characteristic of the discipline of physics. B) He describes his own education to show how physics has changed during his career. C) He provides autobiographical details to demonstrate how Higgs’s theory was confirmed. D) He contrasts the status of Higgs’s theory at two time periods to reveal how the details of the theory evolved. 49 As used in line 77, “established” most nearly means A) validated. B) founded. C) introduced. D) enacted. 50 What purpose does the graph serve in relation to the passage as a whole? A) It indicates that the scientific community’s quick acceptance of the Higgs boson was typical. B) It places the discussion of the reception of the Higgs boson into a broader scientific context. C) It demonstrates that the Higgs boson was regarded differently than were other hypothetical particles. D) It clarifies the ways in which the Higgs boson represented a major discovery. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

51 Which statement is best supported by the data presented in the graph? A) The W boson and the Z boson were proposed and experimentally confirmed at about the same time. B) The Higgs boson was experimentally confirmed more quickly than were most other particles. C) The tau neutrino was experimentally confirmed at about the same time as the tau. D) The muon neutrino took longer to experimentally confirm than did the electron neutrino. 52 Based on the graph, the author’s depiction of Higgs’s theory in the mid-1980s is most analogous to which hypothetical situation? A) The muon neutrino was widely disputed until being confirmed in the early 1960s. B) Few physicists in 2012 doubted the reality of the tau neutrino. C) No physicists prior to 1960 considered the possibility of the W or Z boson. D) Most physicists in 1940 believed in the existence of the electron neutrino. STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section. 11 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

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Writing and Language Test 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising and editing decisions. Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole. After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is. Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. NASA: A Space Program with Down-to-Earth Benefits The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a US government agency whose budget is frequently 1 many times contested. Many people think of NASA’s programs as trivial. In truth, the agency has a widespread positive 2 effect on society by serving as a catalyst for innovation and scientific understanding, 22 ................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 1 A) NO CHANGE B) oftentimes C) repeatedly D) DELETE the underlined portion. 2 A) NO CHANGE B) affect on C) effect to D) affects on 20

3 to create jobs, and showing humanity its place within the universe. In 1958, the program’s first year, very few people believed that it was even possible for a manned spacecraft to leave the atmosphere and orbit Earth. But by initiating and collaborating on projects such as the Apollo Moon missions, the space shuttle program, the Hubble Space 4 Telescope, and unmanned planetary exploration, NASA has continually challenged its scientists and engineers to do things that were previously thought impossible. All along, these NASA projects have 5 greatly increased international cooperation. A short list of inventions 6 elaborated by NASA includes communications satellites, invisible braces, and cordless tools. All these inventions 7 spawns new industries, and with those industries, jobs. NASA also sponsors the Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer programs, which are specifically designed to support technological development in the private sector. 22 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 3 A) NO CHANGE B) creating jobs, C) for job creation, D) the creation of jobs, 4 A) NO CHANGE B) Telescope; and C) Telescope and; D) Telescope and, 5 Which choice most effectively sets up the list of examples that follows in the next sentence? A) NO CHANGE B) garnered national publicity for the agency. C) generated a steady stream of new technology. D) made a lot of money for the agency. 6 A) NO CHANGE B) evolved C) developed D) progressed 7 A) NO CHANGE B) spawned C) has spawned D) spawning 21

22 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 8 A) NO CHANGE B) which came C) to come D) came 9 To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 1 should be placed A) where it is now. B) after sentence 2. C) after sentence 3. D) after sentence 4. [1] A report by the Space Foundation estimated that NASA contributed $180 billion to the economy in 2005. [2] More than 60 percent of the contribution 8 coming from commercial goods and services created by companies using space-related technology. [3] This translates as excellent returns from an agency that received approximately 17.7 billion in tax dollars in 2014. [4] This investment by taxpayers enhances not only the national economy but also the United States’ competitiveness in the international market. [5] Moreover, the benefits of NASA funding extend beyond the purely economic, as astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson indicated in his testimony before the US Senate: “Fo r...a penny on a dollar—we can transform the country from a sullen, dispirited nation, weary of economic struggle, to one where it has reclaimed its twentieth-century birthright to dream of tomorrow.” 9 22

Tyson’s expansive vision for the agency hints at another mission of NASA’s, illuminated in this observation by Apollo 14 astronaut Edgar Mitchell: “You develop an instant global consciousness, a people orientation, an intense dissatisfaction with the state of the world, and a compulsion to do something about it.” 10 With world population topping seven billion, humanity is in need of some perspective. 11 Therefore, we should continue to support NASA not only for practical reasons but also because it is a necessary vehicle for increasing our awareness of how we can fulfill our responsibilities to the planet and each other. 22 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 10 At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. In addition, NASA has facilities in Washington, DC, Florida, Texas, California, and other states. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it serves as a counterargument to the quotation from astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson. B) Yes, because it reinforces the passage’s point about the importance of NASA’s work. C) No, because it undermines the passage’s claim about the economic benefits of NASA’s work. D) No, because it blurs the paragraph’s focus by introducing information that does not support the paragraph’s claim about the importance of NASA’s work. 11 A) NO CHANGE B) Instead, C) For example, D) However, 23

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. Professional Development: A Shared Responsibility New theories, 12 new practices too, and technologies are transforming the twenty-first-century workplace at lightning speed. To perform their jobs successfully in this dynamic environment, workers in many 13 fields—from social services to manufacturing, must continually acquire relevant knowledge and update key skills. This practice of continued education, also known as professional development, benefits not only employees but also their employers. 14 Accordingly, meaningful professional development is a shared responsibility: it is the responsibility of employers to provide useful programs, and it is also the responsibility of employees to take advantage of the opportunities offered to them. Critics of employer-provided professional development argue that employees 15 might consider a popular career path. If employees find themselves falling behind in the workplace, these critics 16 contend. Then it is the duty of those employees to identify, and even pay ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 A) NO CHANGE B) also new practices, C) in addition to practices, D) practices, 13 A) NO CHANGE B) fields C) fields, D) fields; 14 A) NO CHANGE B) Nevertheless, C) Regardless, D) Similarly, 15 Which choice best establishes the argument that follows? A) NO CHANGE B) should lean heavily on their employers. C) must be in charge of their own careers. D) will be ready for changes in the job market. 16 A) NO CHANGE B) contend; then C) contend then D) contend, then 24

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE for, appropriate resources to 17 show them how and why they are falling behind and what they should do about it. This argument ignores research pointing to high employee turnover and training of new staff as significant costs plaguing employers in many fields. Forward-thinking employers recognize the importance of investing in the employees they have rather than hiring new staff when the skills of current workers 18 get old and worn out. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 A) NO CHANGE B) address their deficiencies. C) deal with their flaws and shortcomings. D) allow them to meet their employers’ needs in terms of the knowledge they are supposed to have. 18 A) NO CHANGE B) are no good anymore. C) become obsolete. D) have lost their charm. 25

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE The most common forms of professional development provided to employees 19 includes coaching, mentoring, technical assistance, and workshops. Some employers utilize several approaches simultaneously, developing a framework that suits the particular needs of their employees. 20 Around the same time, the figure illustrates a simple yet comprehensive professional-development model created for special education personnel. As the figure suggests, 21 receiving coaching and consultation is the overarching framework, while the opportunity to belong to professional networks and participate in activities such as foundation and skill-building workshops is relatively unimportant. foundation and skill-building workshops Professional-Development Framework coaching and consultation professional networks Adapted from Northern Suburban Special Education District, “Professional Development Framework.” ©2014 by Northern SuburbanSpecial Education Program. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 A) NO CHANGE B) include C) including D) has included 20 A) NO CHANGE B) Besides that, C) Nevertheless, D) DELETE the underlined portion and begin the sentence with a capital letter. 21 Which choice makes the writer’s description of the figure most accurate? A) NO CHANGE B) participation in foundation and skill-building workshops is the overarching framework within which staff receive coaching and consultation as well as the opportunity to belong to a professional network. C) membership in a professional network is the overarching framework within which staff receive coaching and consultation as well as the opportunity to attend foundation and skill-building workshops. D) receiving coaching and consultation is the overarching framework within which staff have the opportunity to belong to a professional network as well as attend foundation and skill-building workshops. 26

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE A recent trend in professional development that has provided advantages to both employers and employees is online instruction. From an employer perspective, the first and perhaps most obvious advantage is the lower cost of online professional development compared with that of in-person workshops and training. Employers can also 22 identify, which employees have successfully completed instructional modules and which need to be offered additional training. For employees, online professional development provides the opportunity to receive instruction at their own pace and interact with other professionals online. This exciting trend has the potential to make the shared responsibility of professional development less burdensome for both employers and employees. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 A) NO CHANGE B) identify: C) identify D) identify— 27

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage. The Evolution of Slow Food In 1986, McDonald’s caused a stir in Italy when it opened a restaurant next to Rome’s historic Spanish Steps. Young, on-the-go eaters were thrilled; 23 specifically, those who prized regional foods and Italy’s convivial culture built on cooking and long meals feared that the restaurant signaled the death of a way of life. To counter the rise of fast food and fast 24 life, a cohort of chefs, journalists, and sociologists spearheaded a Slow Food movement, declaring loyalty to unhurried enjoyment. 25 From its beginning, the movement 26 had opposed the standardization of taste that fast food chains promote. For example, a McDonald’s hamburger made in Boston tastes more or less the same as one made in Beijing. This consistency is made possible by industrial mass production. Slow Food supporters, by contrast, back methods of growing and preparing food based on regional culinary traditions. When produced using traditional methods, goat cheese made in France tastes different from goat cheese made in Vermont. A goat ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 A) NO CHANGE B) for example, C) however, D) in fact, 24 A) NO CHANGE B) life; a C) life: a D) life. A 25 At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. The group’s philosophy was connected to the tale of the hare and the tortoise, in which the tortoise wins the race. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it explains the primary belief that led to the development of the Slow Food movement. B) Yes, because it reinforces a claim that the writer makes earlier in the paragraph. C) No, because it blurs the paragraph’s focus by introducing a new idea that is not clearly explained. D) No, because it distracts from the paragraph’s emphasis on the Slow Food movement’s origins and beliefs. 26 A) NO CHANGE B) opposes C) will oppose D) has opposed 28

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE ingests the vegetation particular to the meadow in which it grazes, which, along with other environmental 27 factors such as altitude and weather shapes the cheese’s taste and texture. If all foods were produced under the industrial model, 28 we would have meals that are not very flavorful. During 29 their early years, the movement also focused on the value of 30 spending lots of time with friends and family during long meals. It emphasized the importance of preserving these “easygoing, slow ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 A) NO CHANGE B) factors, such as altitude and weather, C) factors such as, altitude and weather, D) factors, such as altitude and weather 28 Which choice most effectively supports the central point of the paragraph? A) NO CHANGE B) the public would not be interested in learning about traditional foods. C) people would not be able to determine how a particular food was made. D) consumers would lose this diversity of flavors. 29 A) NO CHANGE B) there C) its D) it’s 30 A) NO CHANGE B) leisurely meals with friends and family. C) eating slowly and in the company of loved ones such as friends and family. D) joining friends as well as family for time-consuming meals. 29

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE pleasures.” As the movement grew beyond Italy’s borders—today Slow Food International boasts more than 100,000 members in 150 countries—this emphasis on pleasure 31 pictured criticism for being elitist. Critics have also asked if growing food using traditional methods, as opposed to mass production, 32 can adequately and affordably feed the world? Given the hectic pace of modern life, who among us has the time and resources for elaborate meals? Such questions, in addition to environmental concerns, are at the heart of perennial debates about food production. Over time, Slow Food has broadened its mission to focus on food that is good, clean, and fair for all. Members assert that food should be flavorful, carrying the properties of a particular region; it should be raised using environmentally sustainable practices that preserve biodiversity; and it should be accessible to all without exploiting the labors of those who produced it. 33 In short, Slow Food runs programs that support small-scale producers in marketing regional foods in a world where food corporations threaten to drive them out of the marketplace and homogenize food choices. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 A) NO CHANGE B) portrayed C) drew D) sketched 32 A) NO CHANGE B) adequately and affordably can feed the world? C) can adequately and affordably feed the world. D) adequately and affordably can feed the world. 33 A) NO CHANGE B) Nonetheless, C) To these ends, D) By the same token, 30

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage. Was the Hoax a Hoax? For an hour on the evening of October 30, 1938, Orson Welles and other performers from the Mercury Theatre flooded the airwaves with alarming “news bulletins” about a Martian invasion supposedly occurring in Grover’s Mill, New Jersey. They were performing a radio play adapted from The War of the Worlds , a science fiction novel by H. G. Wells. The next day, a front-page 34 headline in the New York Times declared, “Radio Listeners in Panic, Taking War Drama as Fact.” 35 The Times article claimed that people had fled their homes and that police stations had been swamped with calls. This version of events persisted, and the legend became that Welles’s broadcast had as many as twelve million people 36 who feared that Martians had invaded Earth. Recently, however, scholars have questioned the accuracy of this legend, suggesting the degree of public hysteria has been grossly exaggerated. The authors of an article published in October 2013 go 37 so far to assign blame for the distortion to the newspaper industry. 34 A) NO CHANGE B) headline in the New York Times , declared C) headline, in the New York Times declared, D) headline, in the New York Times , declared 35 The writer wants to add a supporting detail to indicate that the story was widely reported. Which choice best accomplishes this goal? A) NO CHANGE B) Other newspapers also ran stories claiming that the broadcast had incited mass hysteria. C) In 2013, many newspapers and magazines featured articles about the seventy ‑fifth anniversary of the broadcast. D) The Times was then and is now one of the United States’ most popular news sources. 36 A) NO CHANGE B) that feared C) fearing D) to fear 37 A) NO CHANGE B) as far C) as far and D) so far as ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 38 At this time, Jefferson Pooley and Michael Socolow, both professors of communication studies, argue that the newspaper industry sought to discredit the newly emerging technology of radio, which was cutting into newspapers’ 39 profits. The newspaper industry tried to do this by portraying the new medium as irresponsible. [1] Proof of ulterior motives is scarce, 40 consequently weakening Pooley and Socolow’s argument. [2] For instance, the C. E. Hooper ratings indicate that a mere 2 percent of households had tuned in to the broadcast. [3] Pooley and Socolow also call into question the validity of an oft-cited report that was based on a survey conducted six weeks after the broadcast. [4] Just because some people found the broadcast unsettling, the authors contend, doesn’t mean they believed it and reacted with real terror. [5] According to this report, one million people indicated that they had been “frightened” by the broadcast. [6] Ratings, however, reveal that 41 far fewer than a million people had been ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 A) NO CHANGE B) On one hand, C) In the article, D) Next, 39 Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion? A) profits, which is what the newspaper industry tried to do when it portrayed B) profits, by which the newspaper industry portrayed C) profits and tried to do this by portraying D) profits, by portraying 40 Which choice best establishes the main idea of the paragraph? A) NO CHANGE B) but evidence does suggest that reports of panic have been overblown. C) yet Pooley and Socolow maintain that the newspaper industry intentionally distorted the story. D) making it difficult to determine what really happened in 1938. 41 A) NO CHANGE B) many less than C) much less then D) much fewer then 32

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. Pooley and Socolow describe a more likely scenario: most people who heard the broadcast understood they were listening to a piece of fiction, but 43 some being influenced by the sensationalized news coverage afterward, later “remembered” being more afraid than they had been. The researchers also suggest that, 44 not unlike people who got caught up in the excitement of the story when reading about it in the newspaper, the American public may have been willing to embrace the legend because of its appeal to the imagination. 42 To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4 should be placed A) where it is now. B) after sentence 2. C) after sentence 5. D) after sentence 7. 43 A) NO CHANGE B) some, they were C) some, D) some 44 Which choice most effectively signals the comparison the writer is making between the two groups mentioned? A) NO CHANGE B) unlike C) not like D) different from STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... listening to the broadcast. [7] Furthermore, Pooley and Socolow note that this survey “conflated being ‘frightened,’ ‘disturbed,’ or ‘excited’ by the program with being ‘panicked.’” 42 33

Math Test – No Calculator 25 MINUTES, 20 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 3 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. For questions 1-15 , solve each problem, choose the best answer from the choices provided, and fill in the corresponding circle on your answer sheet. For questions 16-20 , solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on the answer sheet. Please refer to the directions before question 16 on how to enter your answers in the grid. You may use any available space in your test booklet for scratch work. 1. The use of a calculator is not permitted . 2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated. 3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated. 4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. 5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f(x) is a real number. r r r r w w w h h h h h b c a b A = w V = wh A = bh A = pr2 V = pr2h c2 = a 2 + b2 Special Right Triangles C = 2pr    1 2 V = pr3 4 3 V = pr2h 1 3 V = wh 1 3 30° 60° 45° 45° 2x x s s x√3 s√2 The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2 p. The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180. 33 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

1 x y+=75 The equation above relates the number of minutes, x, Maria spends running each day and the number of minutes, y, she spends biking each day. In the equation, what does the number 75 represent? A) The number of minutes spent running each day B) The number of minutes spent biking each day C) The total number of minutes spent running and biking each day D) The number of minutes spent biking for each minute spent running 2 Which of the following is equivalent to ()x3+5−6 ? A) x3−3 B) x3−1 C) x3+9 D) x 15 − 6 3 x y x y =−3 2+2 = 6 Which ordered pair ( x,y) satisfies the system of equations shown above? A) ()−3, 0 B) ()0, 3 C) ()6, − 3 D) 36, − 6() 4 Which of the following complex numbers is equal to ()( ) iii 5+12 − 9 −6 2 , for i=−1 ? A) i −14 − 18 B) i −4 − 6 C) i 4+6 D) i 14 + 18 33 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

5 If ()fx xx x = −6 +3 −1 2 , what is ()f−1 ? A) −5 B) −2 C) 2 D) 5 6 A company that makes wildlife videos purchases camera equipment for $32,400. The equipment depreciates in value at a constant rate for 12 years, after which it is considered to have no monetary value. How much is the camera equipment worth 4 years after it is purchased? A) $10,800 B) $16,200 C) $21,600 D) $29,700 7 xx +6 +42 Which of the following is equivalent to the expression above? A) ()x+3 +5 2 B) ()x+3 −5 2 C) x−3 +5 2 () D) x−3 −5 2 () 8 Ken is working this summer as part of a crew on a farm. He earned $8 per hour for the first 10 hours he worked this week. Because of his performance, his crew leader raised his salary to $10 per hour for the rest of the week. Ken saves 90% of his earnings from each week. What is the least number of hours he must work the rest of the week to save at least $270 for the week? A) 38 B) 33 C) 22 D) 16 33 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

9 Marisa needs to hire at least 10 staff members for an upcoming project. The staff members will be made up of junior directors, who will be paid $640 per week, and senior directors, who will be paid $880 per week. Her budget for paying the staff members is no more than $9,700 per week. She must hire at least 3 junior directors and at least 1 senior director. Which of the following systems of inequalities represents the conditions described if xis the number of junior directors and yis the number of senior directors? A) x y x y x y 640 + 880 ≥ 9,700 +≤10 ≥3 ≥1 B) x y x y x y 640 + 880 ≤ 9,700 +≥10 ≥3 ≥1 C) x y x y x y 640 + 880 ≥ 9,700 +≥10 ≤3 ≤1 D) x y x y x y 640 + 880 ≤ 9,700 +≤10 ≤3 ≤1 10 ax bx cx d +++=032 In the equation above, a,b,c, and dare constants. If the equation has roots −1 ,−3 , and 5, which of the following is a factor of ax bx cx d +++32 ? A) x−1 B) x+1 C) x−3 D) x+5 33 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

11 The expression x y x y −2 1 2 13−1 , where x>1 and y>1 ,is equivalent to which of the following? A) y x2 3 B) yy x2 3 C) yy xx D) yy xx23 12 The function fis defined by fxx x =+3 +1 ()()() . The graph of fin the xy-plane is a parabola. Which of the following intervals contains the x-coordinate of the vertex of the graph of f? A) x −4 < < −3 B) x −3 < < 1 C) x 1<

13 Which of the following expressions is equivalent to xx x −2 −5 −3 2 ? A) x x −5− 20 −3 B) x x −5− 10 −3 C) x x +1− 8 −3 D) x x +1− 2 −3 14 A shipping service restricts the dimensions of the boxes it will ship for a certain type of service. The restriction states that for boxes shaped like rectangular prisms, the sum of the perimeter of the base of the box and the height of the box cannot exceed 130 inches. The perimeter of the base is determined using the width and length of the box. If a box has a height of 60 inches and its length is 2.5 times the width, which inequality shows the allowable width x, in inches, of the box? A) x 0< ≤10 B) x 0< ≤11 2 3 C) x 0< ≤17 1 2 D) x 0< ≤20 15 The expression x1 3 −22 can be rewritten as ()()x k x k 1 3 −+ , where kis a positive constant. What is the value of k? A) 2 B) 6 C) 2 D) 6 33 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Grid in result. Fractionline Writeanswerin boxes. For questions 16 -20, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid, as described below, on the answer sheet. 1. Although not required, it is suggested that you write your answer in the boxes at the top of the columns to help you fill in the circles accurately. You will receive credit only if the circles are filled in correctly. 2. Mark no more than one circle in any column. 3. No question has a negative answer. 4. Some problems may have more than one correct answer. In such cases, grid only one answer. 5. Mixed numbers such as must be gridded as 3.5 or 7/2. (If is entered into the grid, it will be interpreted as , not .) 6. Decimal answers: If you obtain a decimal answer with more digits than the grid can accommodate, it may be either rounded or truncated, but it must fill the entire grid. Answer: Acceptable ways to grid are: 712 312 1 23 123 2 3 Decimal point 1 0 .... 1 0 1 0 1 // 71 /2 Answer: 2.5 1 0 .... 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 // . 25 2 1 0 .... 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 // / 23 1 0 .... 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 // 66 .. 6 1 0 .... 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 // 6 67 Answer: 201 – either position is correct 1 0 .... 2 3 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 // 0 21 1 0 .... 2 3 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 // 102 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 // 3/12 / / NOTE: You may start your answers in any column, space permitting. Columns you don’t need to use should be left blank. 33 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

16 If x2+8=16 , what is the value of x+4 ? 17 M N P Q R 60° 70° In the figure above, MQ and NR intersect at point P,NP QP = , and MP PR = . What is the measure, in degrees, of ∠QMR ? (Disregard the degree symbol when gridding your answer.) 18 The number of radians in a 720-degree angle can be written as aπ, where ais a constant. What is the value of a? 33 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE

19 The graph of a line in the xy-plane passes through the point ()1, 4 and crosses the x-axis at the point ()2, 0 . The line crosses the y-axis at the point () b0, . What is the value of b? 20 ()() yy 7532 + 100 + 10 10 − 110 22 The expression above can be written in the form ay b+2 , where aand bare constants. What is the value of ab+ ? STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section. 33 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

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Math Test – Calculator 55 MINUTES, 38 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 4 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. For questions 1-30 , solve each problem, choose the best answer from the choices provided, and fill in the corresponding circle on your answer sheet. For questions 31-38 , solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on the answer sheet. Please refer to the directions before question 31 on how to enter your answers in the grid. You may use any available space in your test booklet for scratch work. 1. The use of a calculator is permitted . 2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated. 3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated. 4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. 5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f(x) is a real number. r r r r w w w h h h h h b c a b A = w V = wh A = bh A = pr2 V = pr2h c2 = a 2 + b2 Special Right Triangles C = 2pr    1 2 V = pr3 4 3 V = pr2h 1 3 V = wh 1 3 30° 60° 45° 45° 2x x s s x√3 s√2 The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2 p. The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180. 44 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 44

1 Cats Dogs To t a l 5 2 7 Fed only dry food 11 23 34 Fed both wet and dry food 16 25 41 To t a l Feeding Information for Boarded Pets The table above shows the kinds of foods that are fed to the cats and dogs currently boarded at a pet care facility. What fraction of the dogs are fed only dry food? A) 2 41 B) 2 25 C) 7 41 D) 2 7 2 xx −3 − −3 +522()( ) Which of the following expressions is equivalent to the one above? A) x4−8 2 B) x4−2 2 C) x −2 − 8 2 D) x −2 − 2 2 3 A certain package requires 3 centimeters of tape to be closed securely. What is the maximum number of packages of this type that can be secured with 6 meters of tape? (1 meter = 100 cm) A) 100 B) 150 C) 200 D) 300 4 A market researcher selected 200 people at random from a group of people who indicated that they liked a certain book. The 200 people were shown a movie based on the book and then asked whether they liked or disliked the movie. Of those surveyed, 95% said they disliked the movie. Which of the following inferences can appropriately be drawn from this survey result? A) At least 95% of people who go see movies will dislike this movie. B) At least 95% of people who read books will dislike this movie. C) Most people who dislike this book will like this movie. D) Most people who like this book will dislike this movie. 44 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 45

5 Which of the following ordered pairs ()xy, satisfies the inequality x y 5−3

8 An astronomer has discovered a new planetoid about 1.2 AU from the Sun. According to the line of best fit, which of the following best approximates the density of the planetoid, in grams per cubic centimeter? A) 3.6 B) 4.1 C) 4.6 D) 5.5 9 ax b 9+9−6=21 Based on the equation above, what is the value of ax b+ ? A) 3 B) 6 C) 8 D) 12 10 Lani spent 15% of her 8-hour workday in meetings. How many minutes of her workday did she spend in meetings? A) 1.2 B) 15 C) 48 D) 72 11 A software company is selling a new game in a standard edition and a collector’s edition. The box for the standard edition has a volume of 20 cubic inches, and the box for the collector’s edition has a volume of 30 cubic inches. The company receives an order for 75 copies of the game, and the total volume of the order to be shipped is 1,870 cubic inches. Which of the following systems of equations can be used to determine the number of standard edition games, s, and collector’s edition games, c, that were ordered? A) sc sc 75 − = 20 + 30 = 1,870 B) sc sc 75 − = 30 + 20 = 1,870 C) sc sc −=75 25 + = 1,870 () D) sc sc −=75 30 + 20 = 1,870 44 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 47

12 A customer paid $53.00 for a jacket after a 6 percent sales tax was added. What was the price of the jacket before the sales tax was added? A) $47.60 B) $50.00 C) $52.60 D) $52.84 13 Speed (miles per hour) 20 2 0 4 6 1 3 5 25 30 05 Theresa’s Running Speed and Time 10 15 Time (minutes) 8 7 Theresa ran on a treadmill for thirty minutes, and her time and speed are shown on the graph above. According to the graph, which of the following statements is NOT true concerning Theresa’s run? A) Theresa ran at a constant speed for five minutes. B) Theresa’s speed was increasing for a longer period of time than it was decreasing. C) Theresa’s speed decreased at a constant rate during the last five minutes. D) Theresa’s speed reached its maximum during the last ten minutes. 14 AD B C 45° x° x° x° In the figure above, what is the value of x? A) 45 B) 90 C) 100 D) 105 15 If 50 one-cent coins were stacked on top of each other in a column, the column would be approximately 37 8 inches tall. At this rate, which of the following is closest to the number of one-cent coins it would take to make an 8-inch-tall column? A) 75 B) 100 C) 200 D) 390 44 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 48

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