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Brian Shadwick HSC PHYSICS

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861 © Science Press 2007 First published 2007 Reprinted 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Science Press Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915 sales@sciencepress.com.au www.sciencepress.com.au

Contents Introduction v Verbs to Watch vi Dot Points Space vii Motors and Generators ix From Ideas to Implementation xi From Quanta to Quarks xiii Questions Space 1 Motors and Generators 39 From Ideas to Implementation 81 From Quanta to Quarks 121 Summaries Space 161 Motors and Generators 181 From Ideas to Implementation 201 From Quanta to Quarks 219 Answers Space 237 Motors and Generators 247 From Ideas to Implementation 259 From Quanta to Quarks 271 Appendix Data Sheet 282 Formula Sheet 283 Periodic Table 284 Dot Point HSC Physics iii Contents Science Press

Notes ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 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Contents iv Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press

Introduction What the book includes ,QWKLVERRN\RXZLOO¿QGW\SLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVDVZHOODVVXPPDULHVIRUHDFKGRWSRLQWLQ the Board of Studies syllabus for the following topics in the Year 12 Physics course: ‡ 6SDFH ‡ 0RWRUVDQG*HQHUDWRUV ‡ )URP,GHDVWR,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ ‡ )URP4XDQWDWR4XDUNV Also included are typical experimental results for students to analyse if the third column of the syllabus indicates WKDWVWXGHQWVVKRXOGFDUU\RXWµ¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV¶ Format of the book The book has been formatted in the following way: 1. Main topic statement (column 1 of syllabus) 1.1 etc Syllabus requirement from columns 2 and 3. 1RWHWKDWWKHQXPEHULQJRIWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVLVWKHDXWKRU¶VFKRLFHDQGKDVEHHQXVHGWRPDNHUHIHUHQFLQJ TXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVFOHDUHU7KHLQGLYLGXDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQRWQXPEHUHGLQWKHV\OODEXVWKH\DUHVLPSO\ EXOOHWHG±KHQFHRXUXVHRIµGRWSRLQWV¶ZKHQZHUHIHUWRWKHP 1.1.1 )LUVWW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV  UHTXLUHPHQW 1.1.2 6HFRQGW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV  UHTXLUHPHQWHWF 7KHQXPEHURIOLQHVSURYLGHGIRUHDFKDQVZHUJLYHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIKRZPDQ\PDUNVWKHTXHVWLRQPLJKWEH worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth one mark. Note that in many DQVZHUVWKUHHOLQHVKDYHEHHQSURYLGHGDVWKHDPRXQWRIZULWLQJUHTXLUHGH[FHHGVWZROLQHVEXWWKHSK\VLFV involved is worth only one mark. How to use the book &RPSOHWLQJDOOTXHVWLRQVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDVXPPDU\RIDOOWKHZRUN\RXQHHGWRNQRZIURPWKHV\OODEXV You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not covered, but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams. :KHQZRUNLQJWKURXJKWKHTXHVWLRQVZULWHWKHDQVZHUV\RXKDYHWRORRNXSLQDGLIIHUHQWFRORXUWRWKRVH\RX NQRZZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRUHVHDUFKWKHZRUN7KLVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDTXLFNUHIHUHQFHWRZRUN\RXVKRXOG spend more time revising later, and allow you to spend your study time more productively. Dot Point HSC Physics v Introduction Science Press

account/account for State reasons for, report on, give an account of, narrate a series of events or transactions. analyse Identify components and the relationships among them, draw out and relate implications. apply Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation. appreciate Make a judgement about the value of something. assess 0DNHDMXGJHPHQWRIYDOXHTXDOLW\RXWFRPHV results or size. calculate 'HWHUPLQHIURPJLYHQIDFWV¿JXUHVRULQIRUPDWLRQ clarify Make clear or plain. classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories. compare Show how things are similar and different. construct Make, build, put together items or arguments. contrast Show how things are different or opposite. critically (analyse/evaluate) Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJORJLFTXHVWLRQLQJUHÀHFWLRQDQG TXDOLW\WRDQDQDO\VLVRUHYDOXDWLRQ deduce Draw conclusions. GH¿QH 6WDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIDQGLGHQWLI\HVVHQWLDOTXDOLWLHV demonstrate Show by example. describe Provide characteristics and features. discuss Identify issues and provide points for and against.distinguish Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from, note difference between things. evaluate Make a judgement based on criteria. examine ,QTXLUHLQWR explain Relate cause and effect, make the relationship between things evident, provide why and/or how. extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details. extrapolate Infer from what is known. identify Recognise and name. interpret Draw meaning from. investigate 3ODQLQTXLUHLQWRDQGGUDZFRQFOXVLRQVDERXW justify Support an argument or conclusion. outline Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features. predict Suggest what may happen based on available data. propose Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion etc) for consideration or action. recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences. recommend Provide reasons in favour. recount Retell a series of events. summarise Express concisely the relevant details. synthesise Put together various elements to make a whole. Verbs to Watch Verbs to Watch vi Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press

Dot Point Page 1. *UDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOG2  'H¿QHZHLJKWDVWKHIRUFHDFWLQJRQ  DQREMHFWGXHWRDJUDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOG  1.2 Use F = mg to determine the weight force of bodies on Earth and other planets. 2 1.3. Predict the acceleration due to gravity on other planets. 3 1.4 Perform an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity and identify reasons for possible variations from 9.8 m s –2. 4 1.5 Explain that a change in gravitational potential energy is related to work done. 6  'H¿QHGPE as the work done to move  DQREMHFWIURPLQ¿QLW\WRDSRLQWLQD  JUDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOG  2. Rocket launches and gravity 9 2.1 Describe the trajectory of a projectile  ZLWKLQWKH(DUWK¶VJUDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOG   'HVFULEH*DOLOHR¶VDQDO\VLVRISURMHFWLOH motion. 9 2.3 Solve projectile motion problems using horizontal and vertical components  DQG1HZWRQ¶VHTXDWLRQVRIPRWLRQ  2.4 Explain escape velocity in terms of the gravitational constant, and the mass and radius of the planet. 11  2XWOLQH1HZWRQ¶VFRQFHSWRIHVFDSH velocity. 12  ,GHQWLI\ZK\WKHWHUPµJIRUFHV¶LV used to explain the forces on an astronaut. 12 2.7 Perform an experiment to calculate  WKHLQLWLDODQG¿QDOYHORFLWLHVUDQJH  DQGWLPHRIÀLJKWRIDSURMHFWLOH  2.8 Analyse the changing acceleration of a rocket during launch in terms of the Law of Conservation of Momentum and the forces experienced by astronauts. 14  'LVFXVVWKHHIIHFWRIWKH(DUWK¶VRUELWDO and rotational motion on rocket launches. 16Dot Point Page 2.10 Analyse forces involved in uniform circular motion for a range of objects, including satellites orbiting Earth. 17 2.11 Solve problems about the centripetal force on a satellite in Earth orbit using: 17  &RPSDUHTXDOLWDWLYHO\ORZ(DUWKDQG geostationary orbits. 18 2.13 Outline the contribution to space of one of: Tsiolkovsky, Oberth, Goddard,  (VQDXOW3HOWHULH2¶1HLOORUYRQ%UDXQ   'H¿QHRUELWDOYHORFLW\DQGLWV relationship with G, the mass of the planet and satellite, and the radius  RIWKHRUELWTXDOLWDWLYHO\DQG  TXDQWLWDWLYHO\   6ROYHSUREOHPVXVLQJ.HSOHU¶V/DZ of Periods. 21 2.16 Account for the orbital decay of satellites in LEO. 23 2.17 Discuss issues associated with safe  UHHQWU\LQWRWKH(DUWK¶VDWPRVSKHUH and landing on the surface. 23 2.18 Identify that there is an optimum angle  IRUUHHQWU\LQWRWKH(DUWK¶VDWPRVSKHUH  DQGWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIIDLOLQJWR achieve this. 24 3. The Solar System and gravity 25  'HVFULEHDJUDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOGQHDUD massive object in terms of its effects on other masses. 25  'H¿QH1HZWRQ¶V/DZRI8QLYHUVDO Gravitation. 25 3.3 Solve problems and analyse information using: 25 3.4 Discuss factors affecting the strength of the gravitational force. 27  'LVFXVVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI1HZWRQ¶V Law of Universal Gravitation in understanding and calculating the motion of satellites. 28 Space Dot Point HSC Physics vii Space Science Press

Dot Point Page 3.6 Identify that a slingshot effect can be provided by planets for space probes. 28 4. Understanding time and space 29 4.1 Outline the features of the aether model for the transmission of light. 29 4.2 Describe and evaluate the  0LFKHOVRQ0RUOH\H[SHULPHQW  4.3 Interpret the results of the  0LFKHOVRQ0RUOH\H[SHULPHQW  4.4 Discuss the role of the  0LFKHOVRQ0RUOH\H[SHULPHQWLQ making determinations about competing theories. 30 4.5 Outline the nature of inertial frames of reference. 30 4.6 Perform an investigation to distinguish  EHWZHHQQRQLQHUWLDODQGLQHUWLDO frames of reference. 31 4.7 Discuss the principle of relativity. 32  'HVFULEHWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKH  DVVXPSWLRQRI(LQVWHLQ¶VDVVXPSWLRQ of the constancy of the speed of light. 32  $QDO\VHDQGLQWHUSUHWVRPHRI(LQVWHLQ¶V thought experiments about mirrors and trains and discuss the relationship between thought and reality. 32 4.10 Identify that if c is constant, then space and time become relative. 33 4.11 Discuss the concept that length standards  DUHGH¿QHGLQWHUPVRIWLPHLQFRQWUDVW to the original metre standard. 33Dot Point Page 4.12 Discuss the relationship between theory and the evidence supporting  LWXVLQJ(LQVWHLQ¶VSUHGLFWLRQVEDVHG on relativity that were made many years before evidence was available to support it. 33  ([SODLQTXDOLWDWLYHO\WKHFRQVHTXHQFH of special relativity in relation to the relativity of simultaneity. 34  ([SODLQTXDOLWDWLYHO\WKHFRQVHTXHQFH  RIVSHFLDOUHODWLYLW\WRWKHHTXLYDOHQFH of mass and energy. 34 4.15 Solve problems using: 34  ([SODLQTXDOLWDWLYHO\WKHFRQVHTXHQFH of special relativity in relation to mass. 35 4.17 Solve problems using the relativistic  PDVVHTXDWLRQ   ([SODLQTXDOLWDWLYHO\WKHFRQVHTXHQFH of special relativity in relation to length contraction. 36 4.19 Solve problems using the relativistic  OHQJWKHTXDWLRQ   ([SODLQTXDOLWDWLYHO\WKHFRQVHTXHQFH of special relativity in relation to time dilation. 37 4.21 Solve problems using the time  GLODWLRQHTXDWLRQ  4.22 Discuss implications of mass increase, time dilation, length contraction for space travel. 38 Answers to Space 237 Space viii Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press

Dot Point Page 1. Current-carrying conductors 40 1.1 Discuss the effect, on the force on a  FXUUHQWFDUU\LQJFRQGXFWRURI variations in:  ‡WKHPDJQHWLF¿HOGLQZKLFKLWLVORFDWHG  ‡WKHFXUUHQWLQWKHFRQGXFWRU  ‡WKHOHQJWKRIWKHFRQGXFWRULQWKH¿HOG  ‡WKHDQJOHEHWZHHQWKHPDJQHWLF¿HOG and conductor. 40 1.2 Solve problems and analyse information about the force on  FXUUHQWFDUU\LQJFRQGXFWRUVLQ  PDJQHWLF¿HOGVXVLQJ 40  'HVFULEHTXDOLWDWLYHO\DQGTXDQWLWDWLYHO\ the force between long, parallel current–carrying conductors using: 41 1.4 Solve problems using: 42 1.5 Describe the forces experienced by a  FXUUHQWFDUU\LQJORRSLQDPDJQHWLF  ¿HOGDQGGHVFULEHWKHQHWUHVXOWRI the forces. 43 1.6 Perform an experiment to demonstrate the motor effect. 44  'H¿QHWRUTXHDVWKHWXUQLQJPRPHQW of a force using: T 45 1.8 Solve problems and analyse information about simple motors using: T 46 1.9 Identify the motor effect is due to the  IRUFHDFWLQJRQDFXUUHQWFDUU\LQJ  FRQGXFWRULQDPDJQHWLF¿HOG  1.10 Describe the application of the motor effect in a galvanometer. 47 1.11 Describe the application of the motor effect in a loudspeaker. 48 1.12 Describe the main features of a DC electric motor and the role of each feature. 49Dot Point Page  ,GHQWLI\WKDWWKHPDJQHWLF¿HOGLQ  '&PRWRUVFDQEHSURGXFHGE\FXUUHQW carrying coils or permanent magnets. 50 2. Generating electricity 51  2XWOLQH)DUDGD\¶VGLVFRYHU\RIWKH generation of electricity by a moving magnet. 51 2.2 Perform an investigation to model the generation of an electric current by moving a magnet in a coil or a coil near a magnet. 52 2.3 Plan and perform an experiment to predict and verify the effect on a generated current of the distance between the coil and the magnet, the strength of the magnet, and the relative motion between the coil and the magnet. 52  'H¿QHPDJQHWLF¿HOGVWUHQJWKB as  PDJQHWLFÀX[GHQVLW\   'HVFULEHPDJQHWLFÀX[LQWHUPVRI  PDJQHWLFÀX[GHQVLW\DQGVXUIDFHDUHD  2.6 Describe generated potential difference  DVWKHUDWHRIFKDQJHRIPDJQHWLFÀX[   $FFRXQWIRU/HQ]¶V/DZLQWHUPVRI conservation of energy. 54  5HODWH/HQ]¶V/DZWRWKHSURGXFWLRQ of back emf in motors and that this opposes the supply emf. 55 2.9 Explain production of eddy currents  LQWHUPVRI/HQ]¶V/DZ  2.10 Explain how induction is used in cooktops. 62 2.11 Explain how eddy currents are used in electromagnetic braking. 62 3. Generators 63 3.1 Describe the main components of a generator. 63 3.2 Describe the differences between DC and AC generators. 63 Motors and Generators Dot Point HSC Physics ix Motors and Generators Science Press

Dot Point Page 3.3 Compare the structure and function of a motor and a generator. 65 3.4 Discuss advantages and disadvantages of AC and DC generators and relate these to their use. 66 3.5 Perform an experiment to demonstrate the production of an alternating current. 66 3.6 Discuss energy losses that occur in transmission lines. 66 3.7 Assess the effects of the development of AC generators on society. 67 3.8 Assess the effects of the development of AC generators on the environment. 67 3.9 Analyse the competition between Edison and Westinghouse to supply electricity to cities. 67 3.10 Identify how transmission lines are insulated from supporting structures and protected from lightning. 69 4. Transformers 71 4.1 Describe the purpose of transformers in electrical circuits. 71  &RPSDUHVWHSXSDQGVWHSGRZQ transformers. 71 4.3 Identify the relationship between the ratio of the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils and the ratio of the primary to secondary voltage. 72Dot Point Page 4.4 Solve problems using: 72 4.5 Discuss how the heating effects of eddy currents are minimised in transformers. 74 4.6 Perform an experiment to model the structure and working of a transformer. 74 4.7 Discuss the need for transformers in electricity transmission from source to point of use. 75 4.8 Explain why voltage transformations are related to conservation of energy. 75 4.9 Discuss why some electrical appliances in the home use transformers. 76 4.10 Discuss the impact of the development of transformers on society. 76 5. Motors and energy changes 77 5.1 Describe the main features of an AC electric motor. 77 5.2 Perform an investigation to demonstrate the principle of an AC induction motor. 78 5.3 Identify some of the energy transformations involving the conversion of electrical energy that occur in homes and industry. 79 Answers to Motors and Generators 247 Motors and Generators x Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press

Dot Point Page 1. Cathode rays 82 1.1 Explain that cathode ray tubes allowed the manipulation of charged particles. 82 1.2 Explain why the apparent behaviour of cathode rays caused debate as to whether they were charged particles or electromagnetic waves. 82 1.3 Perform an investigation to identify properties of cathode rays using discharge tubes containing:  ‡D0DOWHVHFURVV  ‡HOHFWULFSODWHV  ‡DÀXRUHVFHQWVFUHHQ  ‡DJODVVZKHHO and analyse the information to determine the sign of the charge on cathode rays. 83 1.4 Perform an investigation to observe the different patterns of striations in cathode ray tubes at different pressures. 84 1.5 Identify that moving charged particles  LQDPDJQHWLF¿HOGH[SHULHQFHDIRUFH   'LVFXVVTXDOLWDWLYHO\WKHHOHFWULF¿HOG strength due to point, positive and negative charges. 85 1.7 Identify that charged plates produce  DQHOHFWULF¿HOG   'LVFXVVTXDOLWDWLYHO\WKHHOHFWULF¿HOG strength due to oppositely charged parallel plates. 87  'HVFULEHTXDQWLWDWLYHO\WKHIRUFHRQ a moving charged particle in a  PDJQHWLF¿HOGDQGVROYHSUREOHPV using: F = qE F = qvBsin  87 1.10 Outline the experiment by Thomson to measure the charge/mass ratio of an electron. 90Dot Point Page 1.11 For cathode ray tubes, outline the role of:  ‡WKHHOHFWURGHVLQWKHHOHFWURQJXQ  ‡WKHGHÀHFWLRQSODWHVRUFRLOV  ‡WKHÀXRUHVFHQWVFUHHQ  2. The photoelectric effect and black body radiation 93  2XWOLQH+HUW]¶VH[SHULPHQWLQ measuring the speed of radio waves and how they relate to light waves. 93  'HVFULEH+HUW]¶VREVHUYDWLRQRIWKH effect of a radio wave on a receiver and the photoelectric effect he produced but failed to investigate. 94 2.3 Perform an experiment to show the production and reception of radio waves. 94  ,GHQWLI\3ODQFN¶VK\SRWKHVLVWKDW radiation emitted and absorbed by the  ZDOOVRIDEODFNERG\LVTXDQWLVHG   ,GHQWLI\(LQVWHLQ¶VFRQWULEXWLRQWR  TXDQWXPWKHRU\DQGLWVUHODWLRQWR black body radiation. 96  $VVHVV(LQVWHLQ¶VFRQWULEXWLRQWR  TXDQWXPWKHRU\DQGLWVUHODWLRQWR black body radiation. 98 2.7 Explain the particle model of light in terms of photons with particular energy  DQGIUHTXHQF\  2.8 Identify the relationships between  SKRWRQHQHUJ\IUHTXHQF\VSHHGRI light and wavelength using: and 99 2.9 Solve problems using: and 99 2.10 Summarise the use of the photoelectric effect in solar cells and photocells. 101  'LVFXVV(LQVWHLQDQG3ODQFN¶V  GLIIHULQJYLHZVDERXWZKHWKHUVFLHQWL¿F research is removed from social and political forces. 102 From Ideas to Implementation Dot Point HSC Physics xi From Ideas to Implementation Science Press

Dot Point Page 3. Transistors 103 3.1 Identify that some electrons in solids are shared between atoms and move freely. 103 3.2 Describe, in terms of band structures and relative electrical resistance, the differences in conductors, insulators, semiconductors. 103 3.3 Identify absences of electrons in nearly full bands as positive holes, and recognise that electrons and holes help to carry current. 105  &RPSDUHTXDOLWDWLYHO\WKHUHODWLYH number of free electrons in conductors, semiconductors and insulators. 107 3.5 Perform an experiment to model the behaviour of semiconductors. 107 3.6 Identify that the use of germanium in early transistors was related to the inability to produce other materials of suitable purity. 108 3.7 Describe how doping a semiconductor can change its electrical properties. 108  ,GHQWLI\GLIIHUHQFHVLQSDQGQW\SH semiconductors in terms of their relative numbers of negative charge carriers and positive holes. 109 3.9 Describe differences between solid state and thermionic devices and why solid state replaced thermionic devices. 109 3.10 Discuss how shortcomings in communications technology led to an increased knowledge of the properties of materials with reference to the invention of transistors. 110 3.11 Assess the impact of transistors on society with particular reference to their use in microchips and microprocessors. 110 3.12 Identify data sources, gather, process and present information to summarise the effect of light on semiconductors in solar cells. 110Dot Point Page 4. Superconductors 115 4.1 Outline the methods used by the Braggs to determine crystal structure. 115 4.2 Identify that metals possess a crystal lattice structure. 115 4.3 Describe conduction in metals as a movement of free electrons unimpeded by the lattice. 115 4.4 Identify that resistance in metals is increased by the presence of impurities and scattering of electrons by lattice vibrations. 115 4.5 Describe the occurrence in superconductors below their critical temperature of a population of electron pairs unaffected by electrical resistance. 116 4.6 Identify some of the metals, alloys  DQGFRPSRXQGVLGHQWL¿HGDVH[KLELWLQJ superconductivity and their critical temperatures. 116 4.7 Discuss the BCS theory. 116 4.8 Discuss the advantages of using superconductors and identify limitations to their use. 117 4.9 Explain why a magnet is able to hover above a superconducting material below its critical temperature. 118 4.10 Perform an investigation to demonstrate magnetic levitation. 119 4.11 Describe how superconductors and  WKHHIIHFWVRIPDJQHWLF¿HOGVKDYH been applied to develop a maglev train. 119 4.12 Discuss possible applications of superconductivity and the effects of those applications on computers, generators, motors and the transmission of electricity through transmission grids. 120 Answers to From Ideas to Implementation 259 From Ideas to Implementation xii Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press

Dot Point Page 1. Models of the atom 122 1.1 Discuss the Rutherford model of the atom. 122  $QDO\VHWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKH hydrogen spectrum in the development of the Bohr model. 122 1.3 Perform an experiment to observe the visible components of the hydrogen spectrum. 123  'LVFXVV3ODQFN¶VFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKH  FRQFHSWRITXDQWLVHGHQHUJ\   'H¿QH%RKU¶VSRVWXODWHV   'HVFULEHKRZ%RKU¶VSRVWXODWHVOHG to a mathematical model to account for the hydrogen spectrum. 125 1.7 Solve problems and analyse information using: 125 1.8 Process and present diagrams to show  %RKU¶VH[SODQDWLRQRIWKH%DOPHUVHULHV  1.9 Discuss the limitations of the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. 130  ,GHQWLI\GLI¿FXOWLHVZLWKWKH%RKU model, including its inability to explain spectra of larger atoms,  LQWHQVLW\RIDQGK\SHU¿QHVSHFWUDO lines and the Zeeman effect. 130 2. Development of quantum physics 131  'HVFULEHWKHLPSDFWRIGH%URJOLH¶V proposal that any kind of particle has both wave and particle properties. 131 2.2 Solve problems and analyse information using: 131  'H¿QHGLIIUDFWLRQDQGLGHQWLI\WKDW interference occurs between waves that have been diffracted. 132  'HVFULEHWKHFRQ¿UPDWLRQRIGH%URJOLH¶V proposal by Davisson and Germer. 133Dot Point Page 2.5 Explain the stability of the electron orbits in the Bohr atom using  GH%URJOLH¶VK\SRWKHVLV  2.6 Assess the contribution made by Heisenberg and Pauli to atomic theory. 134 3. Development of nuclear physics 135  'H¿QHWKHFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHQXFOHXV and contrast their properties. 135 3.2 Discuss the importance of the  FRQVHUYDWLRQODZVWR&KDGZLFN¶V discovery of the neutron. 135  'H¿QHWKHWHUPQXFOHDUWUDQVPXWDWLRQ  3.4 Describe nuclear transmutations due to natural radioactivity. 137  'HVFULEH)HUPL¶VLQLWLDOH[SHULPHQWDO  REVHUYDWLRQRIQXFOHDU¿VVLRQ  3.6 Perform an experiment to observe radiation emitted from a nucleus using a Wilson cloud chamber or similar device. 139  'LVFXVV3DXOL¶VLGHDRIWKHWKH neutrino and the need to account for  WKHHQHUJ\HOHFWURQVHPLWWHGLQGHFD\  3.8 Evaluate the relative contribution of electrostatic and gravitational forces between nucleons. 141 3.9 Account for the need for the strong nuclear force and describe its properties. 141 3.10 Explain the concept of mass defect  XVLQJ(LQVWHLQ¶VHTXLYDOHQFHEHWZHHQ mass and energy. 142 3.11 Solve problems to calculate the mass defect and energy released in natural  WUDQVPXWDWLRQDQG¿VVLRQUHDFWLRQV   'HVFULEH)HUPL¶VGHPRQVWUDWLRQVRI a nuclear chain reaction in 1942. 146  &RPSDUHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUFRQWUROOHG and uncontrolled chain reactions. 147 From Quanta to Quarks Dot Point HSC Physics xiii From Quanta to Quarks Science Press

Dot Point Page 4. Applications of nuclear physics 151 4.1 Explain the basic principles of a  ¿VVLRQUHDFWRU   $VVHVVWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKH Manhattan Project to society. 153 4.3 Describe some medical and industrial applications of radioisotopes. 153 4.4 Describe the use of a named isotope in medicine, agriculture, and engineering. 154 4.5 Describe how neutron scattering is used as a probe by referring to the properties of neutrons. 155Dot Point Page 4.6 Identify ways by which physicists continue to develop their understanding of matter using accelerators as a probe to investigate the structure of matter. 155 4.7 Discuss the key features and components of the standard model  RIPDWWHULQFOXGLQJTXDUNVDQGOHSWRQV  Answers to From Quanta to Quarks 271 From Quanta to Quarks xiv Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press

Dot Point HSC Physics 1 Space Science Press DOT POINT Space

Space 2 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 1. The Earth has a gravitational field that exerts a force on objects both on it and around it.  'H¿QHZHLJKWDVWKHIRUFHDFWLQJRQDQREMHFWGXHWRDJUDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOG 1.1.1 Predict the weight of a 5 kg object on Earth compared to its weight on Jupiter, and explain the reasoning behind your prediction. The gravitational acceleration on Jupiter is about 24.8 m s –2. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.1.2 Complete the table to compare mass and weight. Mass Weight 1.2 Use F = mg to determine the weight force of bodies on Earth and other planets. 1.2.1 Determine the weight of an object of mass 3.0 kg on Earth and on Mars which has a JUDYLWDWLRQDODFFHOHUDWLRQHTXDOWRWKDWRI(DUWK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.2.2 An object has a mass of 12 kg on Earth and a weight of 135.24 N on Saturn. Calculate the YDOXHRIWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQGXHWRJUDYLW\RQ6DWXUQDQGWKHREMHFW¶VZHLJKWRQ(DUWK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 3 Space Science Press 1.2.3 A mass is placed on a set of bathroom scales on Earth and the scales read 10 kg. The same scales and the mass are taken to the Moon to show that the mass of an object is constant regardless of where it is in the Universe. When placed on the scales on the Moon however, the scales read 1.67 kg. Account for this reading. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.3 Predict the acceleration due to gravity on other planets. 1.3.1 The table shows masses and diameters of the Sun, our Moon and the planets in the Solar System. (a) Complete the fourth column of the table by ranking the gravitational force on each object from smallest (1) to largest (11) given the values for the Sun, the Earth and Pluto. E  &RPSOHWHWKH¿IWKFROXPQRIWKHWDEOHE\SUHGLFWLQJWKHUHODWLYHVL]HRIWKHJUDYLWDWLRQDOIRUFH on each object given the three values for the Moon, Earth and the Sun. Object Mass of object (kg)Diameter of object (km)Gravitational force (smallest (1) to largest (12))Gravitational acceleration (m s –2 ) The Sun 1.99 × 10 30 1 392 530 11 275.4 Mercury 3.58 × 10 23 4878 Venus 4.90× 10 24 12 104 Earth 5.974 × 10 24 12 756 7 9.8 The Moon 7.35 × 10 22 3467 1.6 Mars 6.43 × 10 23 6794 Jupiter 1.90 × 10 27 142 984 Saturn 5.69 × 10 26 120 000 Uranus 8.68 × 10 25 51 800 Neptune 1.03 × 10 26 49 250 Pluto 1.27 × 10 22 2320 1 1.3.2 An object has a mass of 60 kg on Mars where the gravitational acceleration is 0.38 that of Earth. (a) What will be the mass of the object on Mars? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) What will be the weight of the object on Earth? ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 4 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press (c) What will be the weight of the object on Mars? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) What will be the mass of the object on a planet where the acceleration due to gravity is 2.5 times larger than that on Earth? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (e) What will be the weight of the object on this planet? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.4 Perform an experiment to determine the value of the acceleration due to gravity and identify reasons for possible variations from 9.8 m s –2. 1.4.1 Outline an experiment you have done to determine the acceleration due to gravity. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.4.2 A group of students set up a pendulum and recorded the measurements shown in the table. Length of pendulum string (m)Time for 20 swings (s) Period of swing (s) (Period of swing) 2 (s2) 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.0020.0 28.2 38.6 40.0 44.9 49.9 56.5 (a) Identify two factors which would have been kept constant if this experiment had been done correctly. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Complete the results table.

Dot Point HSC Physics 5 Space Science Press (c) What are these results telling us? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Draw a graph of the period of swing (T) against the length of the pendulum (l). (e) What conclusion can we draw from this graph? Explain your answer. ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... I  ,QGUDZLQJ\RXUOLQHRIEHVW¿W\RXVKRXOGKDYHLJQRUHGRQHSORWSRLQW,GHQWLI\ZKLFKSORW point and explain why it should be ignored. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... J  7KHHTXDWLRQFRQQHFWLQJWKHYDULDEOHVIRUWKHVZLQJRIDSHQGXOXPLV  5HDUUDQJHWKLVHTXDWLRQWRPDNHµJ¶WKHVXEMHFW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K  8VHWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLQ\RXUUHDUUDQJHGHTXDWLRQDQGWKHGDWDLQWKHUHVXOWVWDEOHWRGUDZD graph which does show the relationship between the period of a pendulum and its length. (i) Use your graph to determine a value for the acceleration due to gravity as found by this experiment. ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ T = 2 l g π

Space 6 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 1.4.3 Recall three reasons why the acceleration due to gravity at different places on the surface of the Earth varies slightly from the 9.8 m s –2 value we usually use. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.5 Explain that a change in gravitational potential energy is related to work done. 1.5.1 Explain the relationship between the work done on an object which changes its position in a JUDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOGDQGLWVJUDYLWDWLRQDOSRWHQWLDOHQHUJ\ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.5.2 Identify the source of the work done when a satellite moves: (a) to a higher altitude orbit ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) to a lower altitude orbit ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.5.3 A satellite has 4000 J of work done on it. Does it move to a higher or lower altitude orbit? Explain your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 7 Space Science Press 1.5.4 A comet approaches the Sun and swings around it to travel back into the outer Solar System for years. The graphs show how the gravitational potential and kinetic energies of this comet change as it moves away from the Sun. Explain the shape of the two graphs. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  'H¿QHJUDYLWDWLRQDOSRWHQWLDOHQHUJ\DVWKHZRUNGRQHWRPRYHDQREMHFWIURP LQ¿QLW\WRDSRLQWLQDJUDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOG 1.6.1 Calculate the gravitational potential energy of a 2000 kg satellite which orbits the Earth at an altitude of 35 000 km. The radius of Earth is 6378 km. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.6.2 A satellite of mass 500 kg is boosted from an orbit of altitude 10 000 km to one of altitude 20 000 km. Given the diameter of Earth as 12 756 km, its mass as 5.97 × 10 24 kg, calculate the change in the gravitational potential energy of the satellite. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... KE E p 0+ -

Space 8 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 1.6.3 Explain, in terms of the principles of physics involved, why gravitational potential energy is a QHJDWLYHTXDQWLW\ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.6.4 Satellite X has its orbit around Earth changed from an altitude of 10 000 km to an altitude of 20 000 km. Satellite Y has its orbit around Earth changed from an altitude of 20 000 km to an altitude of 30 000 km. Both satellites have a mass of 500 kg. (a) Predict the amount of work done on X compared to the amount done on Y and explain your reasoning. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Calculate the amount of work done on each satellite to see if your prediction was correct. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.6.5 (a) Three spacecraft having masses m 1 > m 2 > m 3 are in the same stable orbit around planet X. Compare their gravitational potential energies and justify your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) The three spacecraft are now moved to an orbit with twice the radius relative to the centre of the planet. Compare the work which needs to be done on each. Justify your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) The three spacecraft each undergo orbital decay and fall to identical lower altitude orbits. Compare the changes in their kinetic energies. Justify your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 9 Space Science Press 2. Many factors have to be taken into account to achieve a successful rocket launch, to maintain a stable orbit and to return to Earth. 2.1 Describe the trajectory of an object undergoing projectile motion within the Earth’s JUDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOG 2.1.1 Outline the characteristics of the motion of a projectile. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.1.2 A projectile is launched at 40 m s –1 at 75º to the horizontal. Calculate the components of its launch velocity. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.2 Describe Galileo’s analysis of projectile motion. 2.2.1 /LVW*DOLOHR¶VWKUHH¿QGLQJVUHJDUGLQJSURMHFWLOHPRWLRQ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.2.2 The table shows the results of an experiment where a ball was rolled along a smooth, horizontal surface at 15 m s –1 and then over the edge of a 150 m drop. The ball left the surface and started to fall at time zero. Time (s) Speed of ball (m s –1) 1 17.92 2 24.68 3 33.01 4 41.97

Space 10 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 'HPRQVWUDWHWKDWWKHVHUHVXOWVDUHFRQVLVWHQWZLWK*DOLOHR¶VDQDO\VLVRISURMHFWLOHPRWLRQ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.3 Solve projectile motion problems using horizontal and vertical components and Newton’s equations of motion. 2.3.1 $SURMHFWLOHLV¿UHGKRUL]RQWDOO\DWPV –1 from the top of a 196 m high cliff. Calculate: D  LWVWLPHRIÀLJKW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) its range ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) its velocity on hitting the ground ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.3.2 $SURMHFWLOHKDVDWLPHRIÀLJKWRIVDQGDUDQJHRIP&DOFXODWH (a) its horizontal velocity ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 11 Space Science Press (b) its maximum height ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) the velocity with which it is projected ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.3.3 $FDQQRQEDOOLV¿UHGDWPV –1 at an angle of 45° to the horizontal. Calculate the height at which the ball hits a vertical cliff 150 m away. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.4 Explain the concept of escape velocity in terms of the gravitational constant, and the mass and radius of the planet. 2.4.1 .QRZLQJWKDWWKHZRUNGRQHRQDQREMHFWGLVSODFHGLQDJUDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOGLVHTXDOWRLWV FKDQJHLQJUDYLWDWLRQDOSRWHQWLDOHQHUJ\DQGWKDWWKLVDOVRHTXDOVLWVFKDQJHLQNLQHWLFHQHUJ\ show that escape velocity is independent of the mass of the object being put into orbit. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 12 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 2.4.2 The escape velocity of Earth is 11.2 kps. That for Neptune is 23.6 kps. Give possible reasons to account for this difference. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.4.3 Mercury has a mass of 3.58 × 10 23 kg and a diameter of 4880 km. Venus has a mass of 4.92 × 10 24 kg and a diameter of 12 104 km. Predict which has the greater escape velocity and explain your reasoning. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.5 Outline Newton’s concept of escape velocity. 2.5.1 2XWOLQH1HZWRQ¶VLGHDRIHVFDSHYHORFLW\ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.6 Identify why the term ‘g-forces’ is used to explain the forces acting on an astronaut. 2.6.1 ([SODLQWKHWZRPDLQUHDVRQVZHXVHDJIRUFHVFDOH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.6.2 A rocket is accelerating from the launch pad at 26.95 m s –2. D  &DOFXODWHWKHJIRUFHRQDNJDVWURQDXW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E  3UHGLFWWKHJIRUFHDFWLQJRQDQNJDVWURQDXW ..................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 13 Space Science Press 2.6.3 A rocket is accelerating from between Mars and Jupiter at 26.95 m s –2&DOFXODWHWKHJIRUFH on a 60 kg astronaut. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  3HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRFDOFXODWHWKHLQLWLDODQG¿QDOYHORFLWLHVUDQJHDQGWLPHRI ÀLJKWRIDSURMHFWLOH 2.7.1 The diagram shows a stroboscopic photograph of a projectile which was released from SRLQW3UROOHGGRZQWKHFXUYHGWUDFNDQGZDVSURMHFWHGLQWRWKHDLU7KHIUHTXHQF\RIWKH VWURERVFRSHZDV+]DQGHDFKJULGVTXDUHRQWKHGLDJUDPUHSUHVHQWVFPîFP (a) Calculate the horizontal component of the projectile as it left the track. ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... (b) Calculate the vertical component of the projectile as it left the track. ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... (c) Calculate the velocity of the projectile as it left the track. ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... (d) Determine the maximum height of the projectile above the end of the track. ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... 0

Space 14 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press H  ,IWKHSURMHFWLOHKLWWKHÀRRUPEHORZWKHODVWSRVLWLRQVKRZQGHWHUPLQHLWVWLPHRIÀLJKW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (f) Calculate the range of the projectile. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.8 Analyse the changing acceleration of a rocket during launch in terms of the Law of Conservation of Momentum and the forces experienced by astronauts. 2.8.1 A rocket has a mass of 400 kg, 75% being fuel. It develops a thrust of 8000 N. (a) Calculate its initial acceleration. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Calculate its acceleration when half its fuel has been consumed. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... F  &DOFXODWHWKHJIRUFHRQDNJDVWURQDXWLQWKHURFNHWZKHQKDOIWKHIXHOKDVEHHQ FRQVXPHG$VVXPHWKHURFNHWLVVWLOOZLWKLQ(DUWK¶VJUDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOG ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 15 Space Science Press 2.8.2 'UDZDW\SLFDOJIRUFHJUDSKIRUDWZRVWDJHURFNHWDQGXVHLWWRH[SODLQZK\VWDJHGURFNHWV are used to put astronauts into space. ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... 2.8.3 ([SODLQZK\WKHJIRUFHDFWLQJRQDQDVWURQDXWLQFUHDVHVDVDURFNHWWDNHVRII ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.8.4 A rocket has a mass of 30 000 kg, including 25 000 kg of fuel. It develops 360 000 N of thrust. Calculate: D  LWVDFFHOHUDWLRQDWOLIWRII ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) the theoretical maximum acceleration of the rocket ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... F  WKHJIRUFHH[SHULHQFHGE\DQDVWURQDXWXQGHUPD[LPXPDFFHOHUDWLRQFRQGLWLRQV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 16 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 2.8.5 Explain, in terms of the Law of Conservation of Momentum, how a rocket takes off. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.9 Discuss the effect of the Earth’s orbital and rotational motion on the launch of a rocket. 2.9.1 Recall the optimum position on Earth and orientation of a launch in order to place a satellite in orbit around the Earth. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.9.2 Justify your answer to 2.9.1 above. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.9.3 $URFNHWLVWREHODXQFKHGWR0DUV([SODLQZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKH(DUWK¶VRUELWDOPRWLRQDURXQG WKH6XQDQGZLWKWKHDLGRIDGLDJUDPWKHFRQFHSWRIDµODXQFKZLQGRZ¶IRUWKLVURFNHW ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 17 Space Science Press 2.10 Analyse the forces involved in uniform circular motion for a range of objects, including satellites orbiting Earth. 2.10.1 Choose an object which undergoes uniform circular motion (do not choose a satellite in orbit). With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the forces acting on this object. ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... 2.10.2 State the forces acting on a satellite in a stable orbit around Earth. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.10.2 $QDVWURQDXWLQDFLUFXODURUELWDURXQG(DUWKIHHOVµZHLJKWOHVV¶$FFRXQWIRUWKLVIHHOLQJ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.11 Solve problems to calculate the centripetal force acting on a satellite in orbit about Earth using: 2.11.1 A 3000 kg satellite is orbiting Earth at an altitude of 250 km. Its orbital speed is 27 800 kph. and the diameter of Earth is 12 756 km. Calculate: (a) the centripetal force acting on it ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) its centripetal acceleration ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 18 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 2.11.2 A 150 kg satellite is orbiting Earth at an altitude of 272 km. Its orbital period is 90 minutes. Given that the diameter of Earth is 12576 km, and its mass is 5.974 × 10 24 kg, calculate the centripetal force on the satellite. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.12 Compare qualitatively, low Earth and geostationary orbits. 2.12.1 Recall a use for low Earth orbit and geostationary satellites. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.12.2 Explain why each type of satellite is ideal for the use you have given in 2.12.1 above. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.12.3 Complete the table to compare low Earth and geostationary satellites. Low Earth satellites Geostationary satellites

Dot Point HSC Physics 19 Space Science Press 2.13 Outline the contribution of one of the following to the development of space exploration: Tsiolkovsky, Oberth, Goddard, Esnault-Pelterie, O’Neill or von Braun. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  'H¿QHRUELWDOYHORFLW\DQGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQRUELWDOYHORFLW\WKHJUDYLWDWLRQDOFRQVWDQW the mass of the planet, the mass of the satellite and the radius of the orbit qualitatively and quantitatively. 2.14.1 'H¿QHRUELWDOYHORFLW\ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.14.2 Imagine satellites orbiting Earth and Jupiter, both at altitudes of 2000 km. Compare their RUELWDOYHORFLWLHV TXDOLWDWLYHO\RQO\ DQGDFFRXQWIRUWKHGLIIHUHQFH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.14.3 Three moons around planet X have masses M, 9 M and 16 M. D  ,IDOOPRRQVDUHWKHVDPHGLVWDQFHIURPWKHSODQHW¶VFHQWUHFDOFXODWHWKHUDWLRRIWKHLURUELWDO speeds. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 20 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press E  ,IWKHGLVWDQFHVRIWKHVHPRRQVIURPWKHSODQHW¶VFHQWUHDUHR, 9 R and 16 R respectively, calculate the ratio of their orbital speeds. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.14.4 Three identical moons are in orbit around planets of masses M, 9 M and 16 M. The planets have the same radii. D  ,IWKHPRRQVKDYHWKHVDPHRUELWDOVSHHGV¿QGWKHUDWLRRIWKHLURUELWDOUDGLL ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E  ,IWKHRUELWDOUDGLLRIWKHPRRQVDUHWKHVDPH¿QGWKHUDWLRRIWKHLURUELWDOVSHHGV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.14.5 Calculate the orbital speed of the Earth around the Sun given the mass of the Sun is 1.99 × 10 30 kg, and its diameter is 1 392 530 km. The mass of the Earth is 5.974 × 10 24 kg, its diameter is 12 756 km, and the distance between the Sun and Earth is 150 000 000 km. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 21 Space Science Press 2.15 Solve problems using Kepler’s Law of Periods: 2.15.1 Calculate the orbital period of Deimos, one of the two moons of Mars. Its average distance from Mars is 23 400 km and its irregular shape averages about 13 km across. The mass of Mars is 6.42 × 10 23 kg, and its diameter is 6794 km. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.15.2 Calculate the altitude of an Earth satellite with a period of 12 hours. The mass of the Earth is 5.974 × 10 24 kg. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.15.3 7KHWDEOHJLYHVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWIRXURIWKHPRRQVRIWKHSODQHW8UDQXV8VH.HSOHU¶V/DZ of Periods to calculate the missing data in the following table: Moon Radius of orbit (km) Orbital period (Earth days) MirandaA1.41 Ariel 190 900B TitaniaC8.71 Oberon 583 400 13.46 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 22 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 2.15.4 *HRVWDWLRQDU\VDWHOOLWHVRUELWZLWKDUDGLXVRINP8VHWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQWR¿QG (a) the period of a satellite which orbits with a radius of 15 000 km ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) the orbital radius of a satellite which has an orbital period of 4.0 hours ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.15.5 Io, closest to the planet, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, furthest from the planet, are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo in 1610. There is an interesting relationship between the orbital period (T RIWKH¿UVWWKUHHPRRQVHDFKEHLQJKDOIWKDWRIWKHQH[WPRRQIXUWKHU from the planet. In other words: T Io = 0.5 × T Europa TEuropa = 0.5 × T Ganymede Given the mass of Jupiter as 1.90 × 10 27 kg and the orbital radius of Ganymede as 1.1 × 10 6 km, calculate: (a) the orbital radius of Io ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E  ,R¶VRUELWDOVSHHG ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 23 Space Science Press 2.16 Account for the orbital decay of satellites in LEO. 2.16.1 Explain, in terms of the principle of physics involved why satellites in low Earth orbits will eventually fall to Earth. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.16.2 Two students are discussing orbital decay. Maria says that frictional forces between the spacecraft and the atmosphere are responsible. Edward says that this is incorrect and that WKHUHDOUHDVRQLVWKDWJUDYLWDWLRQDOIRUFHVSXOOWKHVSDFHFUDIWGRZQ(YDOXDWHWKHVWXGHQWV¶ statements. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.17 Discuss issues associated with safe re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere and landing on the Earth’s surface. 2.17.1 6XPPDULVHKRZKHDWEXLOGXSZDVLVPLQLPLVHGLQVSDFHFUDIWUHHQWU\ D  LQWKHHDUO\GD\VRIVSDFHÀLJKW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) on the space shuttle ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 24 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 2.17.2 Explain the concept of VDFUL¿FLDOOD\HUVRQUHHQWU\VSDFHFUDIW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.17.3 ,GHQWLI\DQGMXVWLI\WKHGLUHFWLRQDVWURQDXWVVKRXOGIDFHGXULQJWDNHRIIDQGUHHQWU\ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.18 Identify that there is an optimum angle for re-entry of a spacecraft into the Earth’s atmosphere and the consequences of failing to achieve this. 2.18.1 5HFDOOWKHUDQJHRIWKHVDIHUHHQWU\DQJOHIRUWKH$SROORPLVVLRQUHHQWU\FUDIWUHHQWHULQJ (DUWK¶VDWPRVSKHUH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.18.2 ,GHQWLI\WKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIIDLOLQJWRDFKLHYHDUHHQWU\DQJOHZLWKLQWKLVUDQJH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.18.3 7KHUHHQWU\DQJOHYDULHVIRUGLIIHUHQWUHHQWU\FUDIW3UHGLFWWKHWZRPDLQSURSHUWLHVRIWKH UHHQWU\FUDIWZKLFKGHWHUPLQHVLW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 25 Space Science Press 3. The Solar System is held together by gravity.  'HVFULEHDJUDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOGQHDUDPDVVLYHREMHFWLQWHUPVRILWVHIIHFWVRQRWKHUPDVVHV 3.1.1 'H¿QHLQJHQHUDOWKHFRQFHSWRIµD¿HOG¶LQSK\VLFV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.1.2 'H¿QHWKHFRQFHSWRIDJUDYLWDWLRQDO¿HOG ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  'H¿QH1HZWRQ¶V/DZRI8QLYHUVDO*UDYLWDWLRQ 3.2.1 1HZWRQ¶V/DZRI8QLYHUVDO*UDYLWDWLRQLVPDGHXSRIWKUHHVWDWHPHQWV5HFDOOWKHP ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.2.2 'HWHUPLQHWKHXQLWVRI1HZWRQ¶VXQLYHUVDOJUDYLWDWLRQDOFRQVWDQWDQGXVHNQRZQYDOXHVWR calculate its magnitude. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.3 Solve problems and analyse information using: 3.3.1 Calculate the gravitational force between the Moon and the Earth. The mass of the Moon is 7.35 × 10 22 kg, that of the Earth is 5.974 × 10 24 kg, the diameter of the Moon is 3467 km, that of the Earth is 12 756 km and the distance between them is about 406 676 km. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 26 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 3.3.2 The mass of Jupiter is 1.9 × 10 27 kg. Its diameter is 142 984 km. Calculate: (a) the weight of a 10 kg object on its surface ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) the value of its acceleration due to gravity at its surface ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.3.3 The radius of the Earth is 6378 km and its mass is 5.974 × 10 24 kg. Calculate the acceleration at an altitude of 15 000 m. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.3.4 Two moons have masses M and 4 M and radii R and 4 R respectively. Compare their accelerations due to gravity. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.3.5 The mass of Mercury is 3.58 × 10 23 kg. Its diameter is 4880 km. Compare its gravitational acceleration with that of Pluto, mass 1.27 × 10 22 kg, diameter 2320 km. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 27 Space Science Press 3.3.6 Calculate the gravitational force between two 60 kg students two metres apart. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.4 Discuss factors affecting the strength of the gravitational force. 3.4.1 Predict the effect on the gravitational force between two objects of: (a) halving the distance between them ................................................................................................................................ (b) doubling both masses ............................................................................................................................................................ (c) doubling one mass and halving the distance between them ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.4.2 Calculate how far an astronaut would need to be away above the Earth in order for his weight WREHKLVZHLJKWRQWKH(DUWK¶VVXUIDFH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.4.3 (a) An astronaut is in a satellite orbiting the Earth at an altitude of one Earth radius. What is the gravitational force acting on him compared to his weight on the surface of the Earth? Justify your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) The satellite is boosted to double this altitude. What is the new gravitational force acting on the astronaut? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Calculate the orbital velocity of the astronaut in this higher orbit. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 28 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 3.5 Discuss the importance of Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation in understanding and calculating the motion of satellites. 3.5.1 Given that the gravitational force holding an orbiting satellite in a stable orbit is also the centripetal force acting on it due to its orbital speed, determine the relationship between the orbital speed and the mass of the satellite. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.5.2 A satellite has an orbital period of T and an orbital radius of R8VLQJWKHHTXDWLRQ\RX GHULYHGLQWKHODVWTXHVWLRQDQGWKHIRUPXODIRUWKHDYHUDJHYHORFLW\RIDQREMHFWIURP

Dot Point HSC Physics 29 Space Science Press 4. Current and emerging understanding about time and space has been dependent upon earlier models of the transmission of light. 4.1 Outline the features of the aether model for the transmission of light. 4.1.1 List the properties of the aether as predicted by scientists in the 1800s, and justify their perception of the need for each property. Property of the aether Justification 4.2 Describe and evaluate the Michelson-Morley experiment. 4.2.1 'HVFULEHWKH0LFKHOVRQ0RUOH\H[SHULPHQW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.2.2 :KDWZHUH0LFKHOVRQDQG0RUOH\DWWHPSWLQJWR¿QGLQWKHLUH[SHULPHQW" ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.2.3 'HVFULEHKRZWKLV \RXUDQVZHUWRWKHTXHVWLRQDERYH ZRXOGLQGLFDWHWKHSUHVHQFHRIDQDHWKHU ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 30 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 4.2.4 (YDOXDWHWKH0LFKHOVRQ0RUOH\H[SHULPHQW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.3 Interpret the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment. 4.3.1 ,GHQWLI\ZKDWZDVNQRZQDERXWWKHDHWKHUEHIRUHWKH0LFKHOVRQ0RUOH\H[SHULPHQW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.3.2 'HVFULEHWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH0LFKHOVRQ0RUOH\H[SHULPHQW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.3.3 ([SODLQZKDWFRQFOXVLRQFRXOGEHGUDZQIURPWKH0LFKHOVRQ0RUOH\H[SHULPHQW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.4 Discuss the role of the Michelson-Morley experiment in making determinations about competing theories. 4.4.1 2XWOLQHWKHHIIHFWRIWKH0LFKHOVRQ0RUOH\H[SHULPHQWRQVFLHQWLVWV¶LGHDVDERXWWKHDHWKHUDW that time. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.5 Outline the nature of inertial frames of reference. 4.5.1 'H¿QHJLYLQJDSSURSULDWHH[DPSOHVDQLQHUWLDOIUDPHDQGDQRQLQHUWLDOIUDPHRIUHIHUHQFH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 31 Space Science Press 4.5.2 An astronaut tied her mascot to a string and hung it from the ceiling. One day she noticed that instead of hanging straight down, it hung at an angle. (a) Account for this. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Identify the frame of reference when it hangs straight down. Justify your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.5.3 Identify the frame of reference of the spaceship when the mascot hangs at an angle. Justify your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.6 Perform an investigation to distinguish between non-inertial and inertial frames of reference. 4.6.1 2XWOLQHDQH[SHULPHQW\RXKDYHGRQHWRGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQQRQLQHUWLDODQGLQHUWLDOIUDPHV of reference. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.6.2 If you are in an inertial frame of reference you cannot tell if you are moving at a constant velocity or if you are stationary. Why not? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 32 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 4.7 Discuss the principle of relativity. 4.7.1 Explain the principle of relativity. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  'HVFULEHWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKHDVVXPSWLRQRI(LQVWHLQ¶VDVVXPSWLRQRIWKHFRQVWDQF\RIWKH speed of light. 4.8.1 Outline the essential problem with light, the aether and the principle of relativity. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.9 Analyse and interpret some of Einstein’s thought experiments involving mirrors and trains and discuss the relationship between thought and reality. 4.9.1 2XWOLQH(LQVWHLQ¶V¿UVWWKRXJKWH[SHULPHQW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.9.2 ,GHQWLI\WKHFRQFOXVLRQWR(LQVWHLQ¶V¿UVWWKRXJKWH[SHULPHQW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 33 Space Science Press 4.10 Identify that if c is constant, then space and time become relative. 4.10.1 ,GHQWLI\WKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRI(LQVWHLQ¶VVSHFLDOWKHRU\RIUHODWLYLW\ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................  'LVFXVVWKHFRQFHSWWKDWOHQJWKVWDQGDUGVDUHGH¿QHGLQWHUPVRIWLPHLQFRQWUDVWWRWKHRULJLQDO metre standard. 4.11.1 Explain why the standard of length changed from being the distance between two lines on a SODWLQXPLULGLXPDOOR\EDUWRWKHGLVWDQFHOLJKWWUDYHOVLQWKRIDVHFRQG ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.12 Analyse information to discuss the relationship between theory and the evidence supporting it using Einstein’s predictions based on relativity that were made many years before evidence was available to support it. 4.12.1 ,WZDVRYHU\HDUVEHIRUHH[SHULPHQWDOHYLGHQFHZDVDYDLODEOHWRVXSSRUW(LQVWHLQ¶VVSHFLDO theory of relativity. Outline one piece of evidence in support of his theory. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.12.2 &RPPHQWRQWKHVWDWHPHQWµDWKHRU\LVXVHOHVVXQOHVVLWKDVVXSSRUWLQJHYLGHQFH¶ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 34 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 4.13 Explain qualitatively the consequence of special relativity in relation to the relativity of simultaneity. 4.13.1 &ODULI\WKHWHUPµUHODWLYLW\RIVLPXOWDQHLW\¶ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.13.2 ([SODLQJLYLQJDQDSSURSULDWHH[DPSOHWKHFRQFHSWRIµVLPXOWDQHLW\¶ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.14 Explain qualitatively the consequence of special relativity in relation to the equivalence between mass and energy. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.15 Solve problems using: 4.15.1 ([SODLQWKHFRQFHSWRIµUHVWPDVV¶ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.15.2 Explain why the concept of rest mass is needed. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Dot Point HSC Physics 35 Space Science Press 4.15.3 A proton has a rest mass of 1.673 × 10 –27 kg. Calculate its rest energy. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.15.4 (LQVWHLQ¶VPDVVHQHUJ\HTXLYDOHQFHKROGVLQDOOVLWXDWLRQVQRWMXVWQXFOHDUSURFHVVHV That is, in all exothermic or endothermic chemical processes, the energy involved is actually a result of mass to energy or from energy to mass. (a) This would seem to contradict the law of conservation of energy and the law of conservation of mass. Comment on this statement. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E  *LYHQ(LQVWHLQ¶VZRUNLWLVPRUHVHQVLEOHWRWDONDERXWDODZRIPDVVDQGHQHUJ\ Comment on this idea. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Which way would the energy/mass conversion work for: (i) an endothermic process? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) an exothermic process? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.16 Explain qualitatively the consequence of special relativity in relation to mass. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Space 36 Dot Point HSC Physics Science Press 4.17 Solve problems using: 4.17.1 The mass of an electron at rest is 9.11 × 10 –31 kg. Calculate its mass in a TV tube when it is moving at 0.15 c. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.17.2 Calculate the mass of a proton, rest mass 1.673 × 10 –27 kg in a linear accelerator when it is moving at 0.8 c. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.18 Explain qualitatively the consequence of special relativity in relation to length contraction. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.19 Solve problems using: 4.19.1 $PORQJVSDFHVKLSÀLHVSDVWWKH(DUWKDWc. Calculate the apparent length of the spacecraft as seen from Earth. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4.19.2 $VSDFHFUDIWÀ\LQJSDVW(DUWKDWFRQVWDQWVSHHGDSSHDUVWRKDYHDOHQJWKZKLFKLVRILWV stationary length. Calculate how fast it is travelling. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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