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READING Questions 1 – 10 : This passage is adapted from David Malouf, “The Valley of Lagoons.” ©2006 by David Malouf. The narrator remembers his childhood in Australia in the 1950s.

1. Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts from A. portraying characters’ typical activities to recounting an unusual event. B. describing an important relationship to characterizing a family. C. expressing a character’s feelings to explaining the circumstances behind them. D. illustrating a specific occurrence to reflecting on a family’s influence. 2. The passage indicates that while walking to and from school, Braden and the narrator A. typically avoid certain parts of town. B. generally prefer to take their time. C. usually arrive late to their destination. D. often try to meet up with other children. 3. The narrator’s use of the words “trundling,” “shrill whistle,” “rumbled,” and “clanked” (line 10- 12) mainly serves to A. detail the process by which the crushing- mill typically operates. B. establish why the narrator finds this environment intriguing. C. contrast the noise of the crushing- mill with the silence of the farm. D. evoke the industrial atmosphere of a location from the narrator’s childhood.

4. The second paragraph (line 13 -16) mainly serves to A. explain how the narrator and Braden became close friends. B. emphasize the narrator and Braden’s fascination with the farm. C. present the narrator and Braden as active and imaginative. D. depict how the narrator and Braden devise ways to avoid doing chores. 5. It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that the narrator and Braden have a friendship in which they A. help each other succeed at difficult subjects and tasks in school. B. disagree with each other occasionally about how to approach their challenges. C. amuse each other by urging their pets to participate in a variety of games. D. trust each other with confessions about their personal hopes and dreams. 6. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A. line 1 -5 (“We started . . . copybooks”) B. line 17- 20 (“Usually . . . ahead”) C. line 20- 25 (“But . . . else”) D. line 26- 30 (“You . . . play”) 7. The passage most strongly suggests that the narrator views the McGowan boys as people who A. would benefit from additional restrictions on their actions. B. emulate the best qualities of their mother and father. C. know how to demonstrate self -control when needed. D. are unpredictable when confronted with unexpected situations. 8. As used in line 41, “collect” most nearly means A. save. B. contain. C. arrange. D. meet. 9. The passage most strongly suggests that one difference between the narrator’s household and the McGowans’ is that the A. McGowans place a high value on their children displaying proper etiquette, whereas the narrator’s parents find the idea of etiquette offensive. B. McGowan children are expected to take responsibility for chores around the house, whereas the narrator and his sisters have few responsibilities at home. C. narrator and his sisters are instructed to follow established rules, whereas the McGowan children need little prompting to adhere to traditional customs. D. narrator’s parents allow their children to share their honest perspectives on matters, whereas the McGowans expect their children to be more deferential. 10. In conjunction with line 52- 54 (“Our . . . forgotten”), which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A. line 42 (“She . . . boys”) B. line 46- 48 (“But . . . hugging”) C. line 58- 60 (“Barely . . . helping”) D. line 61- 62 (“When . . . help”)

Questions 11 -21: Passage 1 is adapted from Alex S. Jones, “An Argument Why Journalists Should Not Abandon Objectivity.” ©2009 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Passage 2 is adapted from Ryan McMaken, “‘Objective Journalism’ Has Always Been a Myth.” ©2019 by Mises Institute.



11. As used in line 2, “free of” most nearly means A. uninterested in. B. unworthy of. C. uninfluenced by. D. unaware of. 12. Which choice best supports the idea that Jones (Passage 1) believes that journalists have a responsibility to do their jobs even if there is conflicting information that may remain unresolved? A. line 4 -7 (“As a . . . view”) B. line 12- 15 (“It was . . . truth”) C. line 22- 24 (“Their . . . results”) D. line 29- 31 (“Often . . . inconclusive”) 13. The sentences in line 7-9, Passage 1 (“But . . . biased”) mainly serve to A. criticize a familiar idea in order to analyze the significance of emerging research regarding that idea. B. challenge an understanding of a concept in order to introduce a new perspective about that concept. C. summarize the steps of a scientific method in order to discuss improvements to that method. D. consider the implications of a belief in order to demonstrate the widespread cultural influence of that belief. 14. In Passage 1, the journalists Kovach and Rosenstiel draw an explicit distinction between a A. characteristic of an individual and a characteristic of a process. B. goal of a particular professional and a goal of an ordinary citizen. C. source of a belief and the increasing popularity of that belief. D. conclusion about the past and a reasonable expectation of the future. 15. According to Passage 1, the concept of genuine objectivity is based on the expectation that journalists A. will strive to inform the public about the true state of affairs. B. will be guided by evidence in confronting their biases. C. can be trusted to provide an unbiased viewpoint on most topics. D. struggle to overcome external influences related to their stories. 16. As used in line 35, “critical” most nearly means A. severe. B. humbling. C. derogatory. D. crucial.

17. Based on Passage 2, with which claim about objectivity would McMaken most likely agree? A. Although objectivity is impossible, people in some fields pursue it more successfully than do people in other fields. B. Although objectivity is difficult to achieve, it has become more possible in the present than it was in the past. C. Although objectivity is a goal common to many disciplines, it can actually prove to be dangerous in certain circumstances. D. Although objectivity is commendable, it should not be pursued to the exclusion of other worthy goals. 18. Which statement best describes the relationship between the two passages? A. Passage 2 criticizes the motives of people who approve of the views discussed in Passage 1. B. Passage 2 challenges the ultimate possibility of an outcome analyzed in Passage 1. C. Passage 2 clarifies the historical context of the ideas examined in Passage 1. D. Passage 2 confirms the accuracy of the research conclusions summarized in Passage 1. 19. Based on Passage 2, McMaken would most likely believe that journalists who follow the “more scientific way” (line 17), as described in Passage 1, may A. discount evidence that undermines their opinions. B. expose political influence shaping their research. C. represent an elitist movement in their profession. D. exaggerate the challenges of objective investigation. 20. Based on Passage 1, Jones would most likely respond to McMaken’s claim in line 39- 43, Passage 2 (“Thanks . . . biases”) by A. conceding that current research has changed the way that scientists are perceived. B. agreeing that scientists may hold a personal perspective regarding their work. C. arguing that the scientific method demonstrates an overall lack of bias in research. D. suggesting that the effects of a lack of objectivity in science are not fully understood. 21. Which choice from Passage 1 provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A. line 2 -4 (“Enemies . . . ideal”) B. line 10- 11 (“Journalists . . . objectivity”) C. line 11- 12 (“As they . . . journalist”) D. line 20- 22 (“They . . . assumptions”)

Questions 22 -31: This passage is adapted from Terri Cook, “Wormholes May Limit Landslides.” ©2015 by American Geosciences Institute.

22. According to the passage, the location of the Luquillo Mountains in northeastern Puerto Rico is important because it A. enables the Luquillos to support an unusually diverse array of earthworms. B. leads to the Luquillos’ receiving an especially large amount of precipitation. C. ensures that the Luquillos are shielded from the effects of the prevailing winds. D. protects the Luquillos from the high erosion rates seen in other areas of the island. 23. As used in line 10, “should” is best understood as A. expressing an expectation. B. acknowledging an obligation. C. indicating a condition. D. signaling an intention. 24. In the first paragraph, the author refers to the mountains of Taiwan primarily to A. offer a counterexample that emphasizes the variability in the erosion rate in the Luquillos. B. provide a comparison that illustrates the relatively low erosion rate in the Luquillos. C. highlight the erosion rate typically found in mountains that are taller than the Luquillos. D. show a contrast between the erosion rate in mountain ranges with low rainfall and the erosion rate in the Luquillos.

25. Based on the passage, which choice best describes the scientific understanding of erosion in the Luquillo Mountains before Harrison conducted her experiment? A. Scientists had data indicating that erosion in the Luquillos encourages the proliferation of earthworms but did not know why erosion had this effect. B. Scientists had a theory that erosion rates in the Luquillos are influenced by the activity of animals but did not know which ones. C. Scientists had reason to believe that earthworms contribute to reduced erosion in the Luquillos but did not know how they contributed. D. Scientists had evidence suggesting that erosion in the Luquillos varies with precipitation but did not know the extent of the variation. 26. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A. line 1 -7 (“Emma . . . Sea”) B. line 9 -15 (“With . . . year”) C. line 16- 20 (“At the . . . are”) D. line 22- 28 (“Previous . . . difference”) 27. As used in line 33, “progress” most nearly means A. activity. B. maturation. C. improvement. D. increase. 28. According to the passage, how do endogeic worms indirectly promote soil compaction? A. Empty spaces in the soil are eliminated when their tunnels cave in. B. Their body weight compresses the soil beneath them as they move. C. Rainwater that runs through their tunnels melds soil particles together. D. Dense surface clay sticks to their bodies and gets carried underground. 29. Which finding, if true, would best support the conclusions of Harrison’s team as presented in the passage? A. The orographic effect that occurs in the Luquillos does not occur in most high- precipitation tropical mountain ranges. B. The density of the soil in the Luquillos is approximately the same as that found in most high- precipitation tropical mountain ranges. C. The tunnels made by endogeic worms in the Luquillos are smaller than those typically found in high- precipitation tropical mountain ranges. D. The endogeic worms common in the Luquillos are typically absent from high - precipitation tropical mountain ranges. 30. Based on the passage, if endogeic worms were removed from the Luquillos, one likely result would be that A. landslides would become less frequent but more intense than they currently are. B. rainwater would remain at the soil surface for longer than it currently does. C. soil particles would be separated by less pore space than they currently are. D. the soil surface would contain more clay than it currently does. 31. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A. line 42- 44 (“First . . . particles”) B. line 46- 47 (“The soil . . . collapse”) C. line 51- 53 (“This . . . occur”) D. line 53- 54 (“The end . . . Mountains”)

Questions 3 2-41: This passage and figure 1 are adapted from Kartik Hosanagar, A Human’s Guide to Machine Intelligence: How Algorithms Are Shaping Our Lives and How We Can Stay in Control. ©2019 by Kartik Hosanagar. Many commercial websites make automated purchase recommendations to users based on past behavior on the sites.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Average Number of Items Viewed or Purchased from Online Retailer’s Website, by Type of Recommendation Provided to Users Type of recommendation provided Average number of items viewed Average number of items purchased number % increase from control number % increase from control “People who viewed this item also viewed” 11.50 11% 2.46 0.8% “People who purchased this item also purchased” 10.38 0.5% 2.56 5% Control (no recommendation provided) 10.32 - 2.44 -

32. Which claim about product personalization algorithms can most reasonably be inferred from the passage? A. They are more popular in the United States than they are in other countries. B. They require a critical threshold of information in order to work. C. They encourage consumers to share their favorite products with others. D. They were designed by online businesses to simplify purchase decisions for their customers. 33. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A. line 9 -12 (“We were . . . consume”) B. line 12- 15 (“He suggested . . . consuming”) C. line 18- 23 (“In the . . . favorably”) D. line 28- 30 (“To further . . . Canada”) 34. As used in line 20, “promote” most nearly means A. raise. B. improve. C. accelerate. D. advertise. 35. As used in line 25 -26, “demonstrated” most nearly means A. illustrated. B. declared. C. objected. D. instructed. 36. A marketing executive argues that the studies discussed in the passage provide evidence that product recommendation algorithms benefit only sellers of popular products. Is the executive correct? A. No, because automated recommendations help increase purchases of less popular items as well as more popular items. B. No, because automated recommendations were designed to increase sales of less popular products. C. Yes, because automated recommendations increase the range of popular items viewed by customers. D. Yes, because automated recommendations increase sales of the most frequently purchased items. 37. In line 57- 58, the phrase in parentheses (“and . . . mindshare”) serves mainly to A. provide an alternative explanation for the results described in the passage. B. offer a likely reason for the unanticipated results examined in the passage. C. suggest a potential effect beyond those directly discussed in the passage. D. acknowledge the limitations of the research methods presented in the passage.

38. Which statement is best supported by the data presented in figure 1? A. More products were available to purchase for the control group than were available to the group receiving recommendations. B. The percentage of total items purchased both with and without recommendations was similar for the 20 percent least frequently purchased items. C. The difference in the percentage of total items purchased between the control group and the group receiving recommendations increased as the cost of items increased. D. Nearly 40 percent of the items purchased by the control group came from the top 95 percent of most frequently purchased items. 39. Which statement on the effect of recommendations on niche products is best supported by the passage and data presented in figure 1? A. Algorithmic recommendations reduce the likelihood that a shopper will purchase a niche product over a popular product. B. The overall market share for niche products will increase with consistent use of algorithmic recommendations. C. Algorithmic recommendations increase purchase diversity in multiple product categories. D. The total number of sales, for both niche and popular products, will not change with algorithmic recommendations. 40. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A. line 30- 34 (“A control . . . page”) B. line 35- 37 (“We found . . . games”) C. line 38- 41 (“For the . . . purchases”) D. line 41- 44 (“The market . . . purchases”) 41. According to figure 2, the average number of items purchased in the “people who purchased this item also purchased” group was A. 2.44. B. 2.46. C. 2.56. D. 10.38.

Questions 42 -52: This passage is adapted from Maria Temming, “How Ancient Oceans of Magma May Have Boosted Earth’s Oxygen Levels.” ©2019 by Society for Science & the Public.

Adapted from Katherine Armstrong et al., “Deep Magma Ocean Formation Set the Oxidation State of Earth’s Mantle.” ©2019 by American Association for the Advancement of Science.

42. Which choice best supports the idea that Armstrong and colleagues’ hypothesis about ferrous iron decomposition in early Earth’s magma may have implications beyond its effect on the oxygen content in early Earth’s mantle? A. line 3 -5 (“Shortly . . . originally”) B. line 9 -10 (“The cause . . . mystery”) C. line 45- 47 (“These . . . says”) D. line 47- 49 (“But . . . adds”) 43. As used in line 13, “curiosity” most nearly means A. investigation. B. oddity. C. eagerness. D. trinket. 44. The main purpose of the fourth paragraph (line 13- 18) is to A. consider other fields of study that might be affected by the researchers’ results. B. detail the level of progress that had been achieved before the current study. C. convey the importance of understanding the phenomenon explored in the research. D. acknowledge that the results of the research do not entirely explain the phenomenon being studied. 45. Based on the passage, which finding, if true, would most likely call into question the explanation for the levels of ferric iron in Earth’s mantle put forth by Armstrong and colleagues? A. The amount of oxygen- containing molecules in the atmosphere before the Great Oxidation Event was much higher than was initially believed. B. The pressures in the ancient magma oceans were insufficient to result in the processes investigated in the laboratory. C. The pressures deep inside the ancient mantle changed more frequently than scientists had originally estimated. D. Reactions that form ferric iron can occur in conditions similar to those found beneath the ancient mantle. 46. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A. line 5 -8 (“That . . . skyrocketed”) B. line 10- 12 (“Now . . . report”) C. line 19- 22 (“Early . . . mantle”) D. line 22- 25 (“Scientists . . . iron”) 47. The main purpose of the seventh paragraph (line 32- 34) is to A. illustrate the extreme conditions in the simulation by describing a hypothetical situation. B. explain the challenges the researchers faced by using an analogy that references well - known objects. C. attempt to clarify a common misconception about mantle pressure through an example. D. suggest that the pressures used in previous studies were inaccurate by demonstrating their unlikelihood.

48. Based on the passage, the design of the lab experiments performed by Armstrong and colleagues helped to rule out which potential explanation for their findings? A. At high pressures, differences in the proportion of ferric iron produced by the experiments could be attributed to differences in the initial amount of ferrous iron added to the synthetic mantle. B. At high pressures, differences in the initial temperature of the ferrous iron could affect the rate that ferric iron was able to stabilize within the experimental mantle material. C. The magnitude of the change in pressure during the experiments might have influenced the speed at which the ferrous iron converted to create ferric iron in the synthetic mantle. D. Changes in the concentration of ferric iron could result from variations in ferrous iron that was gathered from multiple sources. 49. As used in line 45, “boost” most nearly means A. inspire. B. adjust. C. increase. D. publicize. 50. Which statement about the proportion of ferric iron is best supported by the data in the graph? A. The lowest proportion of ferric iron was produced at a temperature of 2,373 kelvins and between 10 and 15 gigapascals of pressure. B. When 5 gigapascals of pressure was applied, the proportion of ferric iron was higher at a temperature of 2,023 kelvins than at 1,873 kelvins. C. The greatest proportion of ferric iron was produced at a temperature of 2,473 kelvins and 25 gigapascals of pressure. D. When 15 gigapascals of pressure was applied, the proportion of ferric iron was higher at a temperature of 2,473 kelvins than at 2,373 kelvins. 51. Based on the graph, which statement best represents the findings about the proportion of ferric iron created at different temperatures and different pressures? A. As pressure increased, the proportion of ferric iron decreased at 1,773 kelvins but increased at 2,473 kelvins. B. The proportion of ferric iron increased with rising pressure only when applied at 2,473 kelvins. C. Similar proportions of ferric iron occurred at 2,473 kelvins and at 1,773 kelvins as long as the pressure remained under 10 gigapascals. D. An increase in pressure always produced an increase in the proportion of ferric iron at every temperature applied. 52. Based on the passage, which statement best explains the data presented in the graph regarding the proportion of ferric iron measured at 5 gigapascals of pressure and at 20 gigapascals of pressure? A. There was a higher proportion of ferric iron at 20 gigapascals of pressure than at 5 gigapascals of pressure, because the proximity of the oxygen and iron molecules increased the chances that they were able to react. B. There was a lower proportion of ferric iron at 20 gigapascals of pressure than at 5 gigapascals of pressure, because oxygen atoms were able to escape into the atmosphere from the ferrous iron in the synthetic mantle. C. There was a higher proportion of ferric iron at 5 gigapascals of pressure than at 20 gigapascals of pressure, because a greater amount of metal iron was able to sink through the synthetic mantle material in moderate conditions. D. There was a lower proportion of ferric iron at 5 gigapascals of pressure than at 20 gigapascals of pressure, because ferrous iron was able to withstand the stress of the lower pressure without converting to two kinds of iron.

WRITING Questions 1 – 11: 1. A. NO CHANGE B. habits —of Euglena, single- celled organisms C. habits, of Euglena, single- celled organisms, D. habits of Euglena, single- celled organisms— 2. A. NO CHANGE B. motion. Recently, though, C. motion, recently though, D. motion, recently though

3. A. NO CHANGE B. as, triangles pentagons, C. as, triangles pentagons D. as triangles, pentagons, 4. Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion? A. light -intensity -measuring B. light intensity, by which it’s measured in C. light intensity, which is measured in D. light intensity, and that’s measuring 5. Which choice most accurately represents the information in the graph? A. NO CHANGE B. under 40 percent. C. just over 70 percent. D. exactly 90 percent. 6. Which choice most accurately represents the information in the graph? A. NO CHANGE B. were observed spinning in place. C. alternated between helical and polygonal swimming. D. increased the rate of their polygonal swimming. 7. A. NO CHANGE B. seeking into C. to seek out D. seeking of 8. A. NO CHANGE B. dangerously sunny spot C. hazardously dangerous spot in the sun D. dangerously sunny and bright spot 9. A. NO CHANGE B. allude the damaging effects C. allude the damaging affects D. elude the damaging affects 10. The writer wants to add the following sentence to this paragraph. It follows this polygonal swimming behavior —going straight, turning, going straight again—until the cell eventually finds more suitable light conditions. The best placement for the sentence is A. after sentence 3. B. after sentence 4. C. after sentence 5. D. after sentence 6. 11. Which choice provides the best transition from this sentence to the rest of the paragraph? A. NO CHANGE B. and not just to biologists. C. not to mention entirely unexpected. D. even if there are at least 800 different species of Euglena.

12. Which choice most effectively establishes the main topic of the paragraph? A. NO CHANGE B. Jansen’s Strandbeests were off to a promising start. C. Perhaps, above all, the lifelike appearance of the Strandbeests is due to their inherent imperfections. D. When discussing the evolution of his Strandbeests, Jansen speaks in terms of “epochs” and “periods,” marking the major developments of his “species.” 13. A. NO CHANGE B. their C. it’s D. they’re

14. A. NO CHANGE B. the crucial ratio Jansen had sought was found. C. what Jansen found was the crucial ratio he had sought. D. Jansen’s crucial ratio, which he had sought, was found. 15. A. NO CHANGE B. maximum C. supreme D. optimal 16. A. NO CHANGE B. over C. over; D. over: 17. The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted? A. Kept, because it provides readers with important background information about the Strandbeests’ origins. B. Kept, because it explains why the Strandbeests needed to develop “nerves” to sense the water’s edge. C. Deleted, because it contradicts the sentence that comes after it. D. Deleted, because it distracts readers from the main idea of the paragraph. 18. The writer is considering revising the underlined portion to the following. uses: cloth, nylon ties, plywood, and plenty of plastic tubes. Should the writer make this revision? A. Yes, because it provides specific details that set up the information in the next sentence. B. Yes, because it clarifies how Strandbeests have evolved over the years. C. No, because it repeats information already mentioned in the passage. D. No, because it interrupts the discussion of the Strandbeests’ technical and artistic appeal. 19. A. NO CHANGE B. had made C. made D. makes 20. A. NO CHANGE B. sky; the C. sky, and the D. sky, the 21. Which choice from Passage 1 provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A. NO CHANGE B. cast forth C. emerged D. spewed 22. The writer plans to add the following sentence to the paragraph. While such a thing is still not possible, the beests have begun multiplying in a different way. To make the paragraph most logical, the sentence should be placed A. after sentence 1. B. after sentence 2. C. after sentence 3. D. after sentence 4.

23. Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion? A. independent publishers —small or medium-sized presses —play an important role in the literary ecosystem too. B. playing an important role in the literary ecosystem as well, independent publishers are small or medium -sized presses. C. an important role is also played by small or medium -sized presses in the literary ecosystem; these are independent publishers. D. in the literary ecosystem, small or medium-sized presses, also known as independent publishers, also play an important role. 24. A. NO CHANGE B. space within the publishing industry C. space, within the publishing industry D. space: within the publishing industry

25. Which choice best sets up the sentence that follows in the paragraph? A. NO CHANGE B. was founded by the same publishers that started Rome’s Edizioni E/O publishing house. C. features crime novels from a variety of countries in its Europa World Noir series. D. has published such best -selling novels as Muriel Barbery’s The Elegance of the Hedgehog. 26. A. NO CHANGE B. when cofounder Sandro Ferri says C. which cofounder Sandro Ferri says, D. cofounder Sandro Ferri says 27. A. NO CHANGE B. most fruitful and successful book publishing C. most successful D. projects that has proven to be one of its most fruitful 28. A. NO CHANGE B. has resonated C. have resonated D. is resonating 29. A. NO CHANGE B. experiment, with form and genre, C. experiment with: form and genre, D. experiment with form and genre; 30. A. NO CHANGE B. Consequently, C. However, D. DELETE the underlined portion, adjusting the capitalization as needed. 31. A. NO CHANGE B. worked C. will have worked D. is working 32. Which quotation from Jeff Shotts’s 2016 interview with Literary Hub best supports a main idea of the paragraph? A. NO CHANGE B. “Graywolf and our titles exist in the same marketplace as countless, more commercial publishers and their titles.” C. larger publishers adhere to “a publishing model that doesn’t seem aware of its own history.” D. Citizen and Graywolf’s other cross -genre books have created a “blazing level of excitement among readers.” 33. The writer wants a conclusion that summarizes the main idea of the passage. Which choice best accomplishes this goal? A. NO CHANGE B. Across oceans and genres, independent publishers help readers connect to interesting, daring, and vital works of literature. C. Nevertheless, readers should take care not to overlook the many important books released every year by large -scale publishers. D. Other small presses such as Dorothy, which publishes primarily works by female authors, similarly aim to push the literary marketplace in new directions.

34. A. NO CHANGE B. programs in which riders can C. programs, and riders can also D. programs, riders can 35. Which choice establishes one of the passage’s central ideas? A. NO CHANGE B. prove difficult to ride in inclement weather. C. become a nuisance without proper regulation. D. interfere with the popularity of existing docked systems.

36. A. NO CHANGE B. ecosystem, this provides C. ecosystem, providing D. ecosystem; providing 37. A. NO CHANGE B. than for C. than compared to D. than 38. A. NO CHANGE B. additionally, C. for instance, D. in other words, 39. A. NO CHANGE B. is clutter: C. is: clutter, D. is clutter 40. Which quotation from an interview with Yanocha best supports the main claim of the passage? A. NO CHANGE B. “We’ve seen dockless bike shar[ing] really play out in a variety of locations across the world.” C. “Some companies that initially came out providing dockless bikes are now moving into providing dockless e -scooters.” D. “Vandalism and theft have been a really big problem for bike shar[ing].” 41. Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion? A. enact a permit structure that considers, for example, B. consider enacting a permit structure such as, for example, C. enact, after consideration, a permit structure similar to D. consider a permit structure like 42. A. NO CHANGE B. and then, after a trial period, C. and then, after a trial period D. and—then after a trial period 43. A. NO CHANGE B. discarding them at random and tossing them haphazardly. C. discarding or tossing the dockless bikes at random. D. randomly discarding them in a haphazard manner. 44. The writer wants an effective concluding sentence that restates the main claim of the passage. Which choice best accomplishes this goal? A. NO CHANGE B. achieve their vision of helping city dwellers rely less on car travel. C. maintain healthy, mutually profitable business partnerships with one another. D. solve the problems of dockless bikes and offer residents a convenient new transit option.

MATH NO CALCULATOR 1. The graph models the radioactive decay of the sodium -24 in a sample over time. According to the graph, at 5 hours, which of the following is closest to the mass, in milligrams, of the sodium -24 in this sample? A. 25 B. 31 C. 40 D. 50 2. |������������ + 3| =6 What is the positive solution to the given equation? A. 2 B. 3 C. 9 D. 18 3. ������������= 4− ������������ What is the graph of the given equation? A. B. C. D.

4. ������������= 7− 4������������ 15 ������������− 4������������ =3 What is the solution (x, y) to the given system of equations? A. (-31, 131) B. (-1, 11) C. (1, 3) D. (1, 11) 5. ������������≤ 2������������+ 3 ������������ ≥ 0.5������������ −6 In which graph does the shaded region represent all solutions to the given system of inequalities? A. B. C. D.

6. ������������(������������)= 0.17 ������������+ 2.54 The given function f models the annual worldwide production of avocados, in millions of metric tons, t years after 2000. According to the function, by how many millions of metric tons did the annual worldwide production of avocados increase from 2010 to 2011? A. 0.17 B. 2.54 C. 2.71 D. 4.24 7. Which equation has no solution? A. 4( ������������+ 1) =������������+ 4 B. 4( ������������+ 1) =������������+ 1 C. 4( ������������+ 1) =4������������ +4 D. 4( ������������+ 1) =4������������ 8. The function f is defined by ������������(������������ ) = (������������ − 1)(������������ + 1) (������������ + 2). Which of the following is NOT an x - intercept of the graph ������������= ������������(������������ ) in the xy -plane? A. (-2, 0) B. (-1, 0) C. (1, 0) D. (2, 0) 9. Which expression is equivalent to 1 6 �1 2������������ � ? A. 4 ������������ B. 8 ������������ C. 8������������ D. 16 √������������ 10. Trapezoid ABCD is similar to trapezoid PQRS. The length of each side of trapezoid PQRS is 3 times the length of its corresponding side of trapezoid ABCD. The area of trapezoid ABCD is 6 square centimeters. What is the area, in square centimeters, of trapezoid PQRS? A. 9 B. 18 C. 54 D. 216 11. The function f is defined by ������������(������������ ) = (������������ + 1) 2−9. In the xy -plane, the graph of which of the following equations has no x -intercepts? A. ������������ = ������������(������������ − 2) B. ������������ = ������������(������������ + 2) C. ������������ = ������������(������������ ) − 11 D. ������������ = ������������(������������ ) + 11 12. ������������ 2−10 ������������+ ������������ 2−6������������ =30 In the xy -plane, the graph of the given equation is a circle. What is the area of this circle? A. 8������������ B. 15 ������������ C. 46 ������������ D. 64 ������������

13. ������������2+������������ ������������+5 The given expression can be rewritten as ������������+ 20 ������������ + 5 , where A is a polynomial. Which of the following represents A? A. ������������ − 4 B. ������������ + 4 C. ������������ 2+ ������������ D. ������������ 2+ ������������− 20 14. 1 ������������ = 1 ������������ + 1 ������������ + 1 ������������ An electric circuit contains three capacitors in a particular arrangement. The given equation relates the equivalent capacitance C of the arrangement to d, e, and f, the capacitances of the individual capacitors. Which equation correctly gives C in terms o f d, e, and f ? A. ������������= ������������+ ������������+ ������������ B. ������������ = ������������������������������������ ������������ + ������������+ ������������ C. ������������= ������������+ ������������+ ������������ ������������ ������������������������ D. ������������= ������������������������������������ ������������ ������������+ ������������������������+ ������������������������ 15. The cost of renting a bicycle is $8 for the first hour plus $4 for each additional hour. Which of the following functions gives the cost ������������(ℎ ), in dollars, of renting the bicycle for h hours, where h is a positive integer? A. ������������(ℎ ) = 8ℎ −4 B. ������������(ℎ ) = 8ℎ +12 C. ������������ (ℎ ) = 4ℎ +8 D. ������������ (ℎ ) = 4ℎ +4 16. 5������������ =3(������������+ 1) What value of r is the solution to the given equation? 17. ( 3������������) 2−4(3������������ )− 12 =0 What is the positive solution to the given equation?

18. Line k is shown in the xy -plane. Line j (not shown) is perpendicular to line k. What is the slope of line j? 19. In the xy -plane, the graph of ������������= (− 14 )� 1 2�������������+ ������������, where k is a constant, has a y -intercept of (0,2). What is the value of k? 20. The perimeter of a square inscribed in a circle is 30 inches. The radius of the circle is ������������ √ 2 inches. What is the value of x?

MATH CALCULATOR 1. ������������(������������)= 260 ������������ The function gives the total amount ������������(������������ ), in dollars, Kayla earned after working x weeks at a bookstore. What is the total amount Kayla earned, in dollars, after working 10 weeks at the bookstore? A. 2,600 B. 2,610 C. 2,626 D. 2,860 2. The function f is defined by ������������(������������ ) = ������������+ 4. What is the value of ������������(������������ ) when ������������= 5? A. 9 B. 5 C. 4 D. 1 3. What is an equation of the graph shown? A. ������������ = −4������������ −1 B. ������������ = −4������������ +1 C. ������������ = 4������������ −1 D. ������������= 4������������+ 1 4. What is the minimum number of books in the book drop recorded during this time? A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 1 5. √ ������������ 2=√64 2 What is the positive solution to the given equation? A. 4 B. 8 C. 16 D. 64

6. ������������ -4 -1 1 ������������(������������) 0 3 5 For the polynomial function f, the table shows some values of x and their corresponding values of ������������(������������ ). Which of the following could be the graph of y equals ������������ (������������ )? A. C. B. D. 7. The scatterplot shows the relationship between two variables, x and y. A line of best fit for the data is also shown. For ������������= 4, which of the following is closest to the y -value predicted by the line of best fit? A. 10 B. 12 C. 14 D. 16

8. In a group of 8 children, 2 have freckles and 6 do not have freckles. If one of the 8 children is selected at random, what is the probability of selecting a child who has freckles? A. 0.25 B. 0.33 C. 0.50 D. 0.75 9. The ratio of Jupiter’s diameter to Saturn’s diameter is approximately 1.2 to 1. The diameter of Jupiter is 143,000 kilometers. What is the diameter, to the nearest ten thousand kilometers, of Saturn? A. 24,000 B. 83,000 C. 120,000 D. 170,000 10. In the given scatterplot, a line of best fit for the data is shown. Which of the following is an equation for the line of best fit? A. ������������ = ������������ B. ������������ = 2������������ C. ������������ = 1+ ������������ D. ������������= 2+ ������������ 11. x ������������(������������) 0 13 10 9 25 3 For the linear function f, the table shows three values of x and their corresponding values of ������������(������������ ). Which equation defines f? A. ������������(������������ ) = −4������������ +13 B. ������������(������������ ) = −2������������ +13 C. ������������(������������ ) = − 5 2������������+ 13 D. ������������(������������ ) = − 2 5������������+ 13 12. 2 −������������ 2−������������ 2−2 Which of the following is equivalent to the given expression? A. 0 B. 2 C. − ������������ 2 D. − 2������������ 2 13. A data set consists of 100 values. The least value is 30, and the greatest two values are 80 and 125. If the value 125 is removed from the original data set to create a new data set with 99 values, which statement must be true? A. The means of the two data sets will be the same. B. The mean of the new data set will be less than the mean of the original data set. C. The medians of the two data sets will be the same. D. The median of the new data set will be less than the median of the original data set.

Questions 14 and 15 refer to the following information. A forestry department measures tree trunk diameter, in inches, at a constant height from the ground for each tree growing in a certain area. The data for 95 of these trees are summarized in the histogram. The first bar represents trees with a trunk diameter less than 6 inches. The second bar represents trees with a trunk diameter of at least 6 inches but less than 12 inches, and so on. 14. Approximately what percentage of these trees have a trunk diameter less than 6 inches? A. 2.6% B. 5.3% C. 10.5% D. 15.8% 15. Which of the following is a possible value for the median trunk diameter, in inches, of these trees? A. 10 B. 15 C. 20 D. 25 16. The three candidates who ran for a city council position in Memphis in 2015 received a total of 14,705 votes. The ratio of votes for the first candidate to votes for the second candidate was approximately 4 to 1. The ratio of votes for the first candidate to votes for the third candidate was approximately 100 to 13. Based on this information, which of the following is closest to the number of votes received by the first candidate? A. 1,911 B. 3,676 C. 10,656 D. 14,601

17. Kai went on a bike ride. During the first mile of his bike ride, he rode at a constant speed, s. After the first mile of his ride, Kai increased his speed by 100%. Which of the following expressions represents the speed Kai rode his bike after the first mile, in terms of s ? A. s B. s + 1 C. 1.5s D. 2s 18. Which of the following dot plots represents the data set with the greatest standard deviation? A. B. C. D. Questions 19 and 20 refer to the following information. A state representative wants to increase the amount of driving practice time required before a student can earn a driver?s license. The representative surveyed a random sample of 50 from the 250 students taking the driver?s education class at Jefferson High School. The survey reported that 62% of students taking the class agree that driving practice time should be increased, with an associated margin of error of 5%. 19. Based on the results of the survey, how many of the students surveyed agree with the proposed change? A. 19 B. 31 C. 124 D. 155 20. Which of the following populations can the results of the survey at Jefferson High School be extended to? A. Students at any US high school B. Students taking a driver?s education class at any US high school C. Students at Jefferson High School D. Students taking a driver?s education class at Jefferson High School 21. Which quadratic equation has exactly one distinct real solution? A. ������������ 2+ 4������������ +16 =0 B. ������������ 2− 8������������ −16 =0 C. ������������ 2− 6������������ −16 =0 D. ������������ 2− 8������������ +16 =0

22. In a school debate club, each student earns 2 credits if they participate in a debate and lose, and 4 credits if they participate in a debate and win. A student receives an award after earning 100 credits. The credits needed for the award can be modeled by the equation 2������������+4������������ =100 , where x is the number of times a student participated in a debate and lost, and y is the number of times the student participated in a debate and won. Which graph represents this situation? A. C. B. D. 23. Rectangle X has a length of 12 centimeters (cm) and a width of 2.5 cm. Right triangle Y has a base of 10 cm. The area of rectangle X is three times the area of right triangle Y. What is the height, in cm, of right triangle Y? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 6 24. According to a 2008 study, there were five known subspecies of tigers, including the Amur and Bengal, living in the wild. Scientists estimated that there were a total of 4,000 tigers in the wild. Of these, 450 were Amur tigers and x were Bengal tigers. Which inequality represents all possible numbers of tigers in the wild in 2008 that belonged to the Bengal tiger subspecies? A. 5������������ ≥4000 B. ������������ 5≥ 4000 C. 1≤ ������������≤ 3547 D. 3547 < ������������≤ 4000

25. Which of the following additional pieces of information provides enough information to prove whether triangle DEF is a right triangle? I. The measure of angle D II. The length of segment DF A. I only B. II only C. Either I or II D. Neither I nor II 26. According to a model, if 100 people see a sequence of three letters, 87 of them will recall this sequence immediately after seeing it. The model predicts that this number will decrease by 14% of the number the previous second for each second that passes. Which function represents this model, where ������������ (������������ ) is the predicted number of people who will recall the sequence after t seconds have passed? A. ������������(������������ ) = 14 (0. 87 ) ������������ B. ������������(������������ ) = 87 (0. 14 ) ������������ C. ������������(������������ ) = 87 (0. 86 ) ������������ D. ������������(������������ ) = 87 (1. 14 ) ������������ 27. One of the two linear equations in a system is −6������������+ 7������������= −6. The system has no solution. Which equation could be the second equation in this system? A. 6������������ −7������������ =0 B. − 21 ������������ 4 + 49 ������������ 8 = − 21 4 C. − 21 ������������ 4 − 14 ������������= 0 D. 6������������ −7������������ =6 28. A cottonwood tree had a trunk diameter of 2.00 inches at the time it was planted. The tree had a trunk diameter of 22.24 inches x years after it was planted. The equation 0.64 ������������+ 2= 22 .24 represents this situation. Which statement is the best interpretation of 0.64 ������������ in this context? A. The total increase of the tree’s trunk diameter x years after it was planted B. The tree’s trunk diameter x years after it was planted C. The maximum trunk diameter of the tree over its lifetime D. The total increase of the tree’s trunk diameter each year after it was planted

29. The graph of the equation ������������= −������������ 2+ 40 ������������− 256 is shown. Which of the following equivalent forms of the equation shows the maximum value of y as a constant or coefficient? A. ������������ = −(������������ − 8)(������������ − 32 ) B. ������������ = −(������������ − 20 ) 2+144 C. ������������ = −������������(������������ − 40 )− 256 D. ������������ = −������������ 2+ 8(5������������ −32 ) 30. If ������������− 3 7 = ������������ − 3 9 , the value of ������������− 3 is between which of the following pairs of values? A. -7 and - 9 B. -1 and 1 C. 2.5 and 3.5 D. 6.75 and 9.25 31. An object has a mass of 200 grams and a volume of 10 cubic centimeters. What is the density, in grams per cubic centimeter, of the object? 32. An artist decorates square plates using the same pattern of blue and green tiles, where the ratio of blue to green tiles is 3 to 2. For a certain plate, the artist uses 120 blue tiles and 20������������ green tiles. What is the value of n? 33. ������������= 3������������ +9 ������������ = −3������������ +3 The solution to the given system of equations is ( ������������ ,������������ ). What is the value of y? 34. A circle has been divided into three nonoverlapping regions: I, II, and III. The area of region I is 4������������ square centimeters (������������ ������������ 2), the area of region II is 12������������ ������������ ������������ 2, and the area of region III is 16 ������������ ������������ ������������ 2. If a point in the circle is selected at random, what is the probability of selecting a point that does not lie in region II? (Express your answer as a decimal or fraction, not as a percent.)

35. In 1980, the world population was 4.44 billion people. A model created at the time predicted that this population would grow at a rate of 0.076 billion people each year after 1980. In 2015, the world population was 7.35 billion people. What is the positive difference, in billions of people, between the actual world population in 2015 and the model’s predicted world population in 2015? 36. ������������ (������������ ) = 10 � 1 2� ������������ 5730 The given function M models the mass of the radioactive isotope carbon- 14 in a sample, in picograms, t years after the initial measurement. How much time, in years, does it take for the mass of carbon- 14 in the sample to decrease to 5 picograms? 37. The scatterplot shows the number of housing units in 2010 and 2018 for each of 11 US states. A line of best fit with equation ������������= ������������

Reading Question Answer Question Answer 1 B 27 A 2 B 28 A 3 D 29 D 4 C 30 B 5 D 31 C 6 C 32 B 7 C 33 C 8 D 34 D 9 D 35 A 10 C 36 A 11 C 37 C 12 D 38 B 13 B 39 A 14 A 40 D 15 B 41 C 16 D 42 D 17 A 43 B 18 B 44 C 19 A 45 B 20 B 46 D 21 D 47 A 22 B 48 A 23 A 49 C 24 B 50 C 25 C 51 A 26 D 52 D

Writing Question Answer Question Answer 1 A 23 A 2 B 24 B 3 D 25 A 4 C 26 D 5 C 27 C 6 B 28 C 7 C 29 A 8 B 30 D 9 A 31 B 10 D 32 D 11 B 33 B 12 A 34 B 13 B 35 C 14 A 36 C 15 D 37 D 16 C 38 A 17 D 39 B 18 A 40 A 19 D 41 D 20 D 42 B 21 C 43 A 22 A 44 D

No Calculator Calculator Question Answer Question Answer Question Answer 1 C 1 A 20 D 2 B 2 A 21 D 3 B 3 C 22 A 4 C 4 D 23 B 5 B 5 D 24 C 6 A 6 B 25 C 7 D 7 A 26 C 8 D 8 A 27 A 9 A 9 C 28 A 10 C 10 D 29 B 11 D 11 D 30 B 12 D 12 D 31 20 13 A 13 B 32 4 14 D 14 B 33 6 15 D 15 C 34 5/8, .625 16 3/2, 1.5 16 C 35 1/4, .25 17 2 17 D 36 5730 18 5/2, 2.5 18 D 37 107/100, 1.07 19 16 19 B 38 37 20 15/4, 3.75

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